Phonetics

Phonetics (from the Greek word φωνή, phone which means 'sound' or 'voice') is the science of the sounds of human speech. Someone who is an expert in phonetics is called a phonetician.

Phonetic theory regards the nature of sounds in speech (called phones) and how they are made, heard and thought of. Phonology, which came from it, studies sound systems and sound units (such as phonemes and distinctive features). Phonetics is one of the two parts of orthographical linguistics, the other part being spelling, differing from grammar and lexis.

Phonetics has three main branches:

• articulatory phonetics, regarding the place of articulation and the movement of the lips, tongue, vocal tract, and vocal folds,
• acoustic phonetics, concerned with the traits of the sound waves and how the inner ear hears them, and
• auditory phonetics, concerned with speech perception (mostly how the brain thinks of what the ears hear)

There are more than 100 different phones recognized by the International Phonetic Association (IPA) and are shown in their writing system called the International Phonetic Alphabet.

The first time phonetics was studied was 2,500 years ago in what is now Khyber Pakhtunkhwa province of Pakistan , with Pāṇini, when he wrote about the place and manner of articulation of consonants in Sanskrit in his 5th century BC essay on Sanskrit linguistics. The major Indic scripts today order their consonants the way Pāṇini did.

Phonetics Media

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  A top-down view of the larynx

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  A waveform (top), spectrogram (middle), and transcription (bottom) of a woman saying "Wikipedia" displayed using the Praat software for linguistic analysis Template:Listen**

• This animated video illustrates how sounds travel to the inner ear, and then to the brain, where they are interpreted and understood. The cochlea in the inner ear is a spiral-shaped organ that contains hair cells, which sense sound vibrations. Hair cells convert sound vibrations into chemical signals that the auditory nerve can understand.

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  A diagram of anatomical locations in the vocal tract. (A) Nasal cavity; (B) alveolar ridge; (C) lips; (D) teeth; (E) tongue tip; (F) larynx; (G) glottis; (H) palate; (I) tongue body; (J) velum; (K) uvula; (L) trachea; (M) esophagus.

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  Diagram showing the parts of the pharynx CRUK 334

Accessible sources

• Introduction to phonetics for beginners Archived 2007-12-31 at the Wayback Machine