Photovoltaics

Photovoltaic power worldwide GWp
2000	1
2005	5
2010	40
2011	70
2012	99
2013	136
Year end capacities

Nellis Solar Power Plant at Nellis Air Force Base in the USA. These panels track the sun in one axis.

Photovoltaic system "tree" in Styria, Austria

Photovoltaics (PVs) are arrays of cells containing a solar photovoltaic material that converts solar radiation or energy from the sun into direct current electricity. Due to the growing demand for renewable energy sources, the manufacturing of solar cells and photovoltaic arrays has advanced considerably in recent years, and costs have dropped.

Solar photovoltaics are growing rapidly, from a small base, to a total global capacity of 130,000 MW at the end of 2013. More than 100 countries use solar PV. Installations may be ground-mounted (and sometimes integrated with farming and grazing) or built into the roof or walls of a building.

Panels

Photovoltaic solar panels come in many different voltages. The most common are 12 volts, 24 volts, and 48 volts. Like batteries, multiple solar panels can be connected together to produce higher voltages, for example, two 48 volt panels connected together would produce 96 volts. The inverter, batteries, and solar panels in a system are usually all of the same voltage. The advantage of a higher-voltage system is that thinner wire is used, which is less expensive and easier to pull through conduit. The disadvantage of a higher-voltage installation is that electric shock and arc flash become more of a hazard, so installations above 48 volts are usually only found in solar power plants or commercial buildings.

A photovoltaic installation typically includes an array of solar panels, an inverter, rechargeable batteries (for use at night), a charge controller (a device that prevents the batteries from over-charging), two GFCI circuit breakers (one before the inverter and one after), and interconnection wiring. There is sometimes also a transformer after the inverter, which can power 240 volt heavy appliances such as a clothes dryer or oven. The transformer is often part of the inverter and can't be seen. Everything past the inverter (or transformer if there is one) is set up like a normal utility-fed installation (breaker panel, lights, outlets, switches, etc.). If there is no transformer, only 120 volt devices may be used. Installations without a transformer must be labelled as such on the breaker panel to alert future electricians that 240 volt appliances can not be installed. Some installations have direct current (DC) lighting and possibly DC appliances. The advantage of this is that for DC loads, the losses in the inverter are avoided. These installations will have a separate DC breaker panel connected before the inverter. For safety reasons, DC wiring cannot be run in the same conduit as AC wiring, and DC outlets must not accept an AC plug and vice versa.

World's Largest PV Power Stations (outdated)

World's largest photovoltaic power stations (50 MW or larger)

Photovoltaic power station	Country	Site co-ordinates	Nominal power (MWp)	Production (Annual GW·h)	Notes and references
Topaz Solar Farm	USA	35°23′N 120°4′W	500		installed capacity as of June 2014. toward final capacity 550 MW
Desert Sunlight Solar Farm	USA	33°49′33″N 115°24′08″W	500		Commissioned since November 2013 toward final capacity 550 MW
Longyangxia Dam Solar Park	China	36°07′20″N 100°55′06″E	320		Completed December 2013
Solar Star I and II	USA		309		Under construction, 579MW when completed
California Valley Solar Ranch	USA	35°20′N 119°55′W	292	399
Agua Caliente Solar Project	USA	32°57.2′N 113°29.4′W	290	626	completed April 2014
Antelope Valley Solar Ranch	USA	34°46′N 118°25′W	266		230 MWAC. Has received government loan guarantee
Charanka Solar Park	India	23°54′N 71°12′E	224		Collection of 17 co-located power plants, of which the largest is 25MW
Mesquite Solar project	USA	33°20′N 112°55′W	207	413	up to 700 MW when complete

Photovoltaic power plants

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  Lieberose Photovoltaic Park.

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  Waldpolenz Solar Park.

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  Vepřek Solar Park.

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  President Barack Obama at the DeSoto Next Generation Solar Energy Center.

Solar Cells

A solar cell or photovoltaic cell is a device that changes light energy into electricity. Photovoltaics are best known as a method for making electricity by using solar cells to change energy from the sun into a flow of electrons. The photovoltaic effect was first noticed by Alexandre-Edmond Becquerel in 1839. Eric Seale (July 11, 2003). "Photovoltaic Effect". Archived from the original on 12 October 2010. Retrieved 24 May 2012. Practically all photovoltaic devices are some type of photodiode.

Solar cells can be used to power tools or to recharge a storage battery. The first actual request of photovoltaics was to power orbiting satellites and other spacecrafts, but today the most photovoltaic modules are used for grid connected power creation. In this case a tool called an inverter is required to convert the direct current to alternating current. Cells require protection from the environment and are usually packaged tightly behind a glass sheet. When more power is required than a single cell can give off, cells are electrically connected together to form photovoltaic modules, or solar panels. A single module is enough to power an emergency telephone, but for a house or a power station the modules must be arranged in multiples as arrays.

Photovoltaics Media

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  The Solar Settlement with the Sun Ship in the background: Freiburg, Germany

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  Photovoltaic sunshade 'SUDI' is an autonomous and mobile station that replenishes energy for electric vehicles using solar energy.

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  Solar cells generate electricity directly from sunlight.

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  Photovoltaic power potential map estimates, how many kWh of electricity can be produced from a 1 kWp free-standing c-Si modules, optimally inclined towards the Equator. The resulting long-term average is calculated based on weather data of at least 10 recent years.

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  This chart illustrates the effect of clouds on solar energy production.

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  Swanson's law–stating that solar module prices have dropped about 20% for each doubling of installed capacity—defines the "learning rate" of solar photovoltaics.

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  AWM Munich ETFE Cushions-Photovoltaics

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  Worldwide growth of photovoltaics on a semi-log plot since 1992

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  Best research-cell efficiencies

Other websites

• How Stuff Works: Solar cells.
• Energy Atlas of the West Archived 2022-02-02 at the Wayback Machine
• World's largest photovoltaic power plants
• Information pertaining to photovoltaic solar electricity in each of the IEA PVPS member countries Archived 2005-10-27 at the Wayback Machine
• Photon Magazine International PV magazine
• Renewable Energy World magazine Archived 2008-07-05 at the Wayback Machine
• US Department of Energy Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
• http://science.nasa.gov/science-news/science-at-nasa/2002/solarcells/
• Photovoltaic components, projects and howtos