Protest vote

A protest vote (also called a blank, null, spoiled, or "none of the above" vote)^[1] is a vote cast in an election to show disapproval of the choice of candidates or the current political system.^[2]

Protest Vote Media

Spoiled votes may or may not be protest votes, but are often kept aside for challenges, further examination, or disposal.

References

↑ Alvarez, R. Michael. A Taxonomy of Protest Voting. Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018). p. 135–154. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-120425.
↑ Southwell, Priscilla Lewis. The Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race. The Social Science Journal 35 (1) (1998). p. 43–51. doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(98)90058-1.

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[:1-1] Alvarez, R. Michael. A Taxonomy of Protest Voting. Annual Review of Political Science 21 (2018). p. 135–154. doi:10.1146/annurev-polisci-050517-120425.

[:0-2] Southwell, Priscilla Lewis. The Electoral Consequences of Alienation: Nonvoting and Protest Voting in the 1992 Presidential Race. The Social Science Journal 35 (1) (1998). p. 43–51. doi:10.1016/s0362-3319(98)90058-1.

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