Restriction enzyme
A restriction enzyme is an enzyme that cuts DNA at particular places. It works at or near specific recognition nucleotide sequences known as "restriction sites".[1][2][3] To cut DNA, all restriction enzymes make two incisions, once through each strand of the DNA double helix.
These enzymes are found in bacteria and archaea and defend them against invading viruses, which are bacteriophages.[4][5]
Inside a prokaryote, the restriction enzymes selectively cut up foreign DNA in a process called restriction. The host DNA is protected by another enzyme which protects the host DNA and blocks cleavage. Together, these two processes are the restriction modification system.[6] It is the earliest and simplest immune system. They are also a kind of selfish, mobile genetic element.[6]
Over 3000 restriction enzymes have been studied in detail, and more than 600 of these are available commercially.[7] These enzymes are routinely used for DNA modification in laboratories, and are a vital tool in molecular cloning.[8][9][10]
Origins
Restriction enzymes probably evolved from a common ancestor and became widespread by horizontal gene transfer.[11][12] In addition, there is growing evidence that restriction endonucleases evolved as a selfish genetic element.[13]
Restriction Enzyme Media
Different restriction enzymes acting on different recognition sites produce different DNA fragments
A palindromic recognition site reads the same on the reverse strand as it does on the forward strand when both are read in the same orientation
SmaI restriction enzyme recognition site
Related pages
References
- ↑ Roberts R.J.. Restriction endonucleases. CRC Crit. Rev. Biochem. 4 (2) (1976). p. 123–64. doi:10.3109/10409237609105456.
- ↑ Kessler C. & Manta V.. Specificity of restriction endonucleases and DNA modification methyltransferases a review (3rd ed). Gene 92 (1–2) (1990). p. 1–248. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(90)90486-B.
- ↑ Pingoud A, Alves J, Geiger R. Enzymes of molecular Bbiology. Methods of Molecular Biology 16 (1993). Totowa, NJ: Humana Press. p. 107–200. ISBN 0-89603-234-5.
- ↑ Arber W. & Linn S.. DNA modification and restriction. Annu. Rev. Biochem. 38 (1969). p. 467–500. doi:10.1146/annurev.bi.38.070169.002343.
- ↑ Krüger D.H. & Bickle T.A.. Bacteriophage survival: multiple mechanisms for avoiding the deoxyribonucleic acid restriction systems of their hosts. Microbiol. Rev. 47 (3) (1983). p. 345–60. doi:10.1128/mr.47.3.345-360.1983.
- ↑ 6.0 6.1 Kobayashi I.. Behavior of restriction–modification systems as selfish mobile elements and their impact on genome evolution. Nucleic Acids Res. 29 (18) (2001). p. 3742–56. doi:10.1093/nar/29.18.3742.
- ↑ Roberts R.J.. REBASE—enzymes and genes for DNA restriction and modification. Nucleic Acids Res 35 (Database issue) (2007). p. D269–70. doi:10.1093/nar/gkl891.
- ↑ Primrose S.B. & Old R.W.. Principles of gene manipulation: an introduction to genetic engineering (1994). Oxford: Blackwell Scientific. ISBN 0-632-03712-1.
- ↑ Micklos D.A; Bloom M.V. & Freyer G.A.. Laboratory DNA science: an introduction to recombinant DNA techniques and methods of genome analysis (1996). Menlo Park, Calif: Benjamin/Cummings Pub. Co. ISBN 0-8053-3040-2.
- ↑ Massey A. & Kreuzer H.. Recombinant DNA and biotechnology: a guide for students (2001). Washington D.C: ASM Press. ISBN 1-55581-176-0.
- ↑ Jeltsch A; Kröger M. & Pingoud A.. Evidence for an evolutionary relationship among type-II restriction endonucleases. Gene 160 (1) (1995). p. 7–16. doi:10.1016/0378-1119(95)00181-5.
- ↑ Jeltsch A. & Pingoud A.. Horizontal gene transfer contributes to the wide distribution and evolution of type II restriction-modification systems. J Mol Evol 42 (2) (1996). p. 91–6. doi:10.1007/BF02198833.
- ↑ Naito T; Kusano K. & Kobayashi I.. Selfish behavior of restriction-modification systems. Science 267 (5199) (1995). p. 897–9. doi:10.1126/science.7846533.