Shotgun shell

Four sizes of shotgun shell

A shotgun shell is the standard type of ammunition for a shotgun. It is fired after being loaded into the chamber or chambers of a shotgun. The shell is cylindrical in shape and is normally between 2.75 inches (70 mm) and 3.5 inches (89 mm) long.^[1] It holds a charge of gunpowder and either lead shot or a shotgun slug made to be fired from the shotgun. Shotgun shells are usually mostly plastic but have thin brass at the base, though they can be made of solid brass, paper, or other combinations of these materials.

A shotgun shell's size is usually measured in gauge (also known as bore).^[2] The most common size of shotgun shell is the 12-gauge. When measuring gauge, a smaller number means a larger shell: a 12-gauge shell is larger than a 20-gauge shell. Shell gauge is an old measurement. Except for the .410 bore or gauge, which is not a gauge at all but a caliber, the gauge of a shotgun was equal to the number of lead balls that added up to 1 pound (0.45 kg).^[2] So in a 12 gauge, 12 balls add up to about a pound of lead. So the diameter is equal to a ball weighing 1/12th of a pound of lead.^[2] A 20 gauge, another popular size today, has the diameter of a ball weighing 1/20th of a pound of lead.^[2]

Rubber pellets in a less lethal shell

Besides lead shot and slugs which are designed to be lethal, there are special less lethal types of shotgun shells which shoot things made to hurt but not kill people. Less lethal shells are most often used by police. These can be loaded with plastic or rubber shot,^[3] rubber slugs, beanbags, or salt.

Shotgun Shell Media

A 12-gauge shotgun shell in a transparent plastic hull, allowing the contents to be seen. From left to right: brass, propellant, over-powder wad, shot wad, #8 birdshot, over-shot wad, and crimp
A 1908 depiction of a shotgun shell, showing a primitive felt wad to separate the powder (left) and shot (right)
Shotgun shell comparison (left to right): 12-gauge, 20-gauge, 16-gauge, 28-gauge, and .410 bore
M35 .410 shotgun shells for M-6 survival gun w/.22 long rifle for comparison
CCI .22LR snake shot loaded with #12 shot
Military Issue .45 ACP M15 "shot shell" on the far right.
12-gauge birdshot shotgun shell.

References

↑ Randy Wakeman. "What Chamber Length for Your Shotgun?". Chuckhawks.com. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
↑ ^2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Philip P. Massaro (20 November 2014). "Shotgun Shells Explained—The New Shooter's Dictionary". National Shooting Sports Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 19 August 2016.
↑ J.M. DiMaio, Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic (Boca Ratan; New York; London: CRC Press, 1999), p. 250

Other websites

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[1] Randy Wakeman. "What Chamber Length for Your Shotgun?". Chuckhawks.com. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

[NSSF-2] 2.0 ^2.1 ^2.2 ^2.3 Philip P. Massaro (20 November 2014). "Shotgun Shells Explained—The New Shooter's Dictionary". National Shooting Sports Foundation, Inc. Retrieved 19 August 2016.

[3] J.M. DiMaio, Gunshot Wounds: Practical Aspects of Firearms, Ballistics, and Forensic (Boca Ratan; New York; London: CRC Press, 1999), p. 250

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