991,145
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Changes
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simplify, clean up, general fixes using AWB
{{Year nav|1943}}
== Events ==
*[[January 4]] – End of term for [[Culbert Olson]], 29th [[List of Governors of California|Governor of California]]. [[Earl Warren]] follows him.
*[[January 11]] – The [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] give up territorial rights in [[China]].
*[[January 11]] – General Juanto dies in [[Argentina]] – [[Ramon Castillo]] succeeds him
*[[January 12]] – [[Jan Campert]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] journalist and writer, dies in Neuengamme concentration camp
*[[January 14]] – [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] becomes the first [[President (United States)|President of the United States]] to travel by [[airplane]] while in office ([[Miami, Florida]] to [[Morocco]] to meet with [[Winston Churchill]] to discuss [[World War II]]).
*[[January 15]] – [[World War II]]: [[Japan]]ese are driven off [[Guadalcanal]].
*[[January 15]] – The world's largest office building, [[The Pentagon]], is dedicated ([[Arlington, Virginia]]).
*[[January 18]] – [[World War II]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials announce they have broken the [[Wehrmacht]]'s [[siege of Leningrad]].
*[[January 18]] – The [[Jew]]s in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] rise up for the first time, starting the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]].
*[[January 23]] – [[World War II]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] forces capture [[Tripoli]] from the [[Nazi]]s.
*[[January 23]] – In [[Spearfish, South Dakota]], temperature rises from -20 to +7 degrees Celsius in two minutes
*[[January 23]] – [[Duke Ellington]] plays at [[New York City]]'s [[Carnegie Hall]] for the first time.
*[[January 24]] – World War II: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] conclude a conference in [[Casablanca]].
*[[January 27]] – World War II: 50 bombers mount the first all American [[air raid]] against [[Germany]] ([[Wilhelmshaven]] was the target).
*[[February 1]] – World War II: [[Vidkun Quisling]] is appointed [[Prime Minister]] of [[Norway]] by the [[Nazi]] occupiers.
*[[February 2]] – World War II: In [[Russia]], the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army.
*[[February 3]] – World War II: The death of the [[Four Chaplains]] when their ship was struck by a [[torpedo]].
*[[February 7]] – World War II: In the [[United States]], it is announced that [[shoe]] rationing will go into effect in two days.
*[[February 8]] – World War II: [[Battle of Kursk]] – the [[Russia]]n army captures the city.
* February 8 – World War II: [[Battle of Guadalcanal]] – [[United States]] forces defeat Japanese troops.
*[[February 10]] – [[March 3]] – [[Mohandas Gandhi]] stops eating to protest that he was in jail.
*[[February 11]] – General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] is selected to command the allied armies in [[Europe]].
*[[February 14]] – [[World War II]]: [[Rostov]], [[Russia]] is freed.
*[[February 14]] – World War II: [[Battle of the Kasserine Pass]] – [[Germany|German]] General [[Erwin Rommel]] and his [[Afrika Korps]] launch an offensive against Allied defenses in [[Tunisia]]; it is the [[United States]]' first major battle defeat of the war.
*[[February 16]] – [[World War II]]: [[Soviet Union]] reconquers [[Kharkov]], but is later driven out in the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]
*[[February 18]] – The [[Nazi]]s arrest the members of the [[White Rose]] movement.
*[[February 20]] – American [[movie studio]] executives agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[censorship|censor]] movies.
*[[February 22]] – Members of [[White Rose]] are executed in [[Nazi]] Germany.
*[[February 27]] – The [[Smith Mine disaster|Smith Mine #3]] in [[Bearcreek, Montana|Bearcreek]], [[Montana]], [[United States]] explodes, killing 74 men.
*[[February 28]] – OPERATION GUNNERSIDE, 6 Norwegians led by Joachim Ronneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant [[Vemork]].
*[[March 1]] – "Panzer General" [[Heinz Guderian]] becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the [[Germany|German]] Army during [[World War II]].
*[[March 2]] – [[World War II]]: [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] – [[United States]] and [[Australia]]n forces sink [[Japan]]ese convoy ships.
*[[March 3]] – 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an [[air-raid shelter]] at [[Bethnal Green tube station]] in [[London]].
*[[March 8]] – World War II: American forces are attacked by [[Japan]]ese troops on Hill 700 in [[Bougainville]] in a battle that will last five days.
*[[March 13]] – World War II: On [[Bougainville]], [[Japan]]ese troops end their assault on [[United States|American]] forces at Hill 700.
*[[March 13]] – [[Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in [[Kraków]].
*[[March 26]] – World War II: [[Battle of Komandorski Islands]] – In the [[Aleutian Islands]] the battle begins when [[United States Navy]] forces intercept [[Japan]]ese attempting to reinforce a garrison at [[Kiska]].
*[[April 3]] – Shipwrecked steward [[Poon Lim]] is rescued by [[Brazil]]ian fishermen after he has been adrift for 130 days
*[[April 22]] – [[Albert Hofmann]] writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of [[LSD]], which he first synthesized in 1938.
*[[April 25]] – [[Easter]] occurs on the latest possible date. Last time [[1886]] next time [[2038]].
*[[April 27]] – The U.S. [[Federal Writers' Project]] is shuttered.
*[[May 11]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|American]] troops invade [[Attu Island|Attu]] in the [[Aleutian Islands]] in an attempt to expel occupying [[Japan]]ese forces.
*[[May 13]] – World War II: [[Germany|German]] [[Afrika Korps]] and [[Italy|Italian]] troops in [[North Africa]] surrender to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces.
*[[May 16]] – World War II: The [[Dambuster Raids]] by RAF 617 Sqdn on German dams.
*[[May 16]] – [[Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] ends.
*[[May 17]] – [[World War II]]: Surviving RAF ''[[Operation Chastise|Dam Busters]]'' return.
*[[May 17]] – The [[United States Army]] contracts with the [[University of Pennsylvania]]'s Moore School to develop the [[ENIAC]].
*[[May 24]] – [[Holocaust]]: [[Josef Mengele]] becomes Chief Medical Officer in [[Auschwitz]].
*[[June 4]] – [[Military coup]] in [[Argentina]] ousts [[Ramón Castillo]].
*[[June 22]] – [[U.S. 45th Infantry Division|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] land in North Africa prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco while serving in [[World War II]].
*[[July 5]] – [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Kursk]] – The largest tank battle in history begins.
*[[July 5]] – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails to [[Sicily]].
*[[July 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the [[Battle of Kula Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].
*[[July 10]] – World War II: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] begin their invasion of [[Axis countries|Axis]]-controlled [[Europe]] with landings on the island of [[Sicily]], off mainland [[Italy]] by the [[U.S. 45th Infantry Division|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]].
*[[July 12]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Kolombangara]].
*[[July 19]] – World War II: [[Rome]] is bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] for the first time in the war.
*[[July 24]] – World War II: [[Operation Gomorrah]] begins: [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] aeroplanes bomb [[Hamburg]] by night, those of the [[United States|Americans]] by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
*[[July 25]] – In [[Italy]] the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo retires its consent to [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]; Mussolini is arrested and the power is given to Maresciallo d'Italia Gen. [[Pietro Badoglio]].
*[[July 27]] – World War II: [[Soviet Union|USSR]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] issues [[Order No. 227]] in response to alarming [[Germany|German]] advances into [[Russia]]. Under the order all those who run away or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be killed as soon as possible.
*[[July 28]] – World War II: [[Operation Gomorrah]] – The [[United Kingdom|British]] bomb [[Hamburg]] causing a [[firestorm]] that kills 42,000 [[Germany|German]] civilians.
*[[August 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the [[Battle of Vella Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].
*[[August 17]] – World War II: The [[US 7th Army]] under General [[George S. Patton]] arrive in [[Messina, Italy]] followed several hours later by the [[British 8th Army]] under Field Marshal [[Bernard L. Montgomery]], thus completing the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] conquest of [[Sicily]].
*[[August 29]] – World War II: Germany dissolves the [[Denmark|Danish]] government after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities. (See: [[Occupation of Denmark]])
*[[September 3]] – World War II: Mainland [[Italy]] is invaded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces under [[Bernard L. Montgomery]], for the first time in the war.
*[[September 5]] – World War II: The [[503rd Parachute Regiment]] under [[United States|American]] General [[Douglas MacArthur]] lands and occupies [[Nadzab]], just east of the port city of [[Lae]] in northeastern [[Papua New Guinea]].
*[[September 8]] – World War II: [[United States]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] publicly announces the surrender of [[Italy]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].
*[[September 8]] – World War II: [[Julius Fucik]] is killed by [[Nazi]]s.
*[[September 23]] – World War II: [[Republic of Salò]] is founded.
*[[October 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Vella Lavella]].
*[[October 13]] – World War II: The new government of [[Italy]] sides with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and declares war on [[Germany]].
*[[October 22]] – World War II: [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of [[Kassel]]
*[[November 1]] – World War II: In [[Operation Goodtime]], [[United States Marines]] land on [[Bougainville]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].
*[[November 2]] – World War II: In the early morning hours, [[United States|American]] and [[Japan]]ese ships fight the inconclusive [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] off [[Bougainville]].
*[[November 2]] – World War II: British troops, in Italy, reach the [[Garigliano River]].
*[[November 15]] – [[Porajmos]]: [[Germany|German]] [[SS]] leader [[Heinrich Himmler]] orders that [[Roma and Sinti|Gypsies]] and "part-Gypsies" were to be put "on the same level as [[Jew]]s and placed in [[concentration camp]]s."
*[[November 16]] – World War II: After flying from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], 160 [[United States|American]] bombers strike a [[hydro-electric power]] facility and [[heavy water]] factory in [[Germany|German]]-controlled [[Vemork]], [[Norway]].
*[[November 16]] – World War II: Japanese [[submarine]] sinks surfaced USA submarine USS Corvina near [[Truk]]
*[[November 18]] – World War II: 440 [[Royal Air Force]] planes bomb [[Berlin]] causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF lost nine aircraft and 53 aviators.
*[[November 20]] – World War II: [[Battle of Tarawa]] begins – [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa]] and [[Makin]] atolls in the [[Gilbert Islands]] and take heavy fire from [[Japan]]ese shore guns.
*[[November 22]] – World War II: [[Asian theatre of World War II|War in the Pacific]] – [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], and ROC leader [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] meet in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], to discuss ways to defeat [[Japan]].
*[[November 22]] – [[Lebanon]] breaks away from [[France]] and becomes its own country.
*[[November 23]] – The [[Deutsche Opernhaus]] on Bismarckstraße in the [[Berlin]] neighborhood of [[Charlottenburg]] was destroyed. It was rebuilt in [[1961]] and called the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]].
*[[November 25]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Cape St. George]] between [[Buka]] and [[New Ireland]].
*[[November 28]] – World War II: [[Tehran Conference]] – [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Soviet Leader [[Joseph Stalin]] meet in [[Tehran]] to discuss war strategy (on [[November 30]] they established an agreement concerning a planned June [[1944]] invasion of [[Europe]] codenamed [[D-Day|Operation Overlord]]).
*[[November 29]] – Second session of [[AVNOJ]], the Anti-fascist council of national liberation of [[Yugoslavia]], is held in [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], determining the post-war ordering of the country.
*[[December 4]] – World War II: In [[Yugoslavia]], resistance leader [[Marshal Tito]] proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.
*[[December 4]] – [[Great Depression]] ends in the [[United States]]: With unemployment figures falling fast due to [[World War II]]-related employment, [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes the [[Works Progress Administration]].
*[[December 20]] – [[Military coup]] in [[Bolivia]]
*[[December 24]] – World War II: US General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] becomes the supreme Allied commander.
*[[December 30]] – [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] raises the flag of [[India]]n independence at [[Port Blair]].
*Development of the [[Colossus computer]] by British to break German encryption (see [[History of computing hardware]]).
*[[Mondragón Cooperative Corporation|Mondragón]] [[cooperative]] begins in [[Basque Country]] in Spain
*[[Arana Hall, Otago]] founded.
*[[World War II|Second World War]] ([[1939]]-[[1945]])
*[[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] ([[1937]]-[[1945]])
== Births ==
*[[January 1]] - [[Tony Knowles]], former [[Governor]] of [[Alaska]]
*[[January 7]] - [[Sadako Sasaki]], Japanese atomic bomb victim (d. [[1955]])
*[[January 14]] - [[Ralph Steinman]], Canadian scientist (d. [[2011]])
*[[January 24]] - [[Peter Struck]], German politician (d. [[2012]])
*[[January 24]] - [[Sharon Tate]], American actress (d. [[1969]])
*[[February 19]] – [[Lou Christie]], singer
*[[February 22]] - [[Horst Koehler]], former [[President of Germany]]
*[[February 25]] – [[George Harrison]], English musician (d. [[2001]])
*[[March 9]] – [[Bobby Fischer]], American-born Icelandic chess player (d. [[2008]])
*[[March 19]] - [[Mario Monti]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Italy]]
*[[March 29]] - [[John Major]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
*[[March 29]] – [[Eric Idle]], English actor and comedian
*[[March 31]] – [[Christopher Walken]], American actor
*[[April 30]] - [[Frederick Chiluba]], former [[President]] of [[Zambia]] (d. [[2011]])
*[[May 5]] - [[Michael Palin]], British actor, comedian, television presenter and writer
*[[May 14]] - [[Olafur Ragnar Grimsson]], [[President]] of [[Iceland]]
*[[May 24]] – [[Gary Burghoff]], actor
*[[May 31]] – [[Sharon Gless]], actress
*[[June 13]] – [[Malcolm McDowell]], actor
*[[June 17]] - [[Barry Manilow]], American singer
*[[July 4]] - [[Adam Hart-Davis]], British historian
*[[July 4]] - [[Heide Simonis]], German politician
*[[August 11]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]], former [[President]] of [[Pakistan]]
*[[August 17]] – [[Robert De Niro]], actor
*[[August 18]] – [[Gianni Rivera]], former Italian footballer
*[[August 23]] – [[Pino Presti]], Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer
*[[August 30]] – [[Robert Crumb]], American cartoonist
*[[September 27]] – [[Randy Bachman]], American musician
*[[September 29]] - [[Mohammad Khatami]], former [[President]] of [[Iran]]
*[[September 29]] - [[Lech Walesa]], former [[President]] of [[Poland]]
*[[September 29]] - [[Wolfgang Overath]], German footballer
*[[December 7]] - [[Sue Johnston]], British actress
*[[December 11]] – [[John Kerry]], American politician, former Presidential candidate and current [[United States Secretary of State]]
*[[December 23]] - [[Silvia Sommerlath]], [[Queen]] of [[Sweden]]
*[[December 24]] - [[Tarja Halonen]], former [[President]] of [[Finland]]
*[[December 28]] - [[Richard Whiteley]], British television presenter (d. [[2005]])
*[[December 31]] - [[John Denver]], American singer (d. [[1997]])
*[[December 31]] - [[Ben Kingsley]], British actor
== Deaths ==
*[[January 5]] – [[George Washington Carver]], American educator, activist, and botanist
*[[January 7]] – [[Nikola Tesla]], physicist
*[[January 23]] – [[Alexander Woollcott]], bon vivant
*[[February 14]] – [[David Hilbert]], mathematician
*[[February 17]] – [[Armand J. Piron]], [[jazz]] musician (born [[1888]])
*[[March 3]] – [[George Thompson (cricketer)|George Thompson]], English cricketer (b. [[1877]])
*[[March 12]] – [[Gustav Vigeland]], Norwegian sculptor
*[[March 13]] – [[Stephen Vincent Benet]], American poet (born [[1898]])
*[[March 28]] – [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], Russian composer and pianist
*[[April 18]] – [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], Japanese admiral
*[[May 26]] – [[Edsel Ford]], son of [[Henry Ford]]
*[[July 2]] – [[Michel Velleman]]
*[[July 21]] – [[Charlie Paddock]], American athlete
*[[August 12]] – [[Robert Peel (cricketer)|Bobby Peel]], English cricketer (born [[1857]]).
*[[August 14]] – [[Joe Kelley]], [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]r (born [[1871]])
*[[August 28]] – King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]
*[[October 5]] – [[Leon Roppolo]], jazz musician (born [[1902]])
*[[October 7]] – [[Eugeniusz Bodo]], Polish actor (murdered)
*[[October 19]] – [[Camille Claudel]], French sculptor
*[[December 1]] – [[Damrong Rajanubhab]], [[Thailand|Thai]] prince and historian (born [[1862]])
*[[Eidegenegen Eidagaruwo]], first [[Angam Baby]]
*[[Esteban Huertas]], Panamanian independence fighter
== Movies released ==
*''[[Casablanca]]''
== Hit songs ==
*"As Time Goes By" by [[Rudy Vallee]]
*"I've Heard That Song Before" by [[Harry James]]
*"In the Blue of the Evening" by [[Tommy Dorsey]]
*"Paper Doll" by [[Mills Brothers]]
*"Pistol Packin' Mama" by [[Al Dexter]]
*"Sunday, Monday or Always" by [[Bing Crosby]]
*"Taking a Chance On Love" by [[Benny Goodman]]
*"There Are Such Things" by [[Tommy Dorsey]]
*"When the Lights Go On Again" by [[Vaughn Monroe]]
*"You'll Never Know" by [[Dick Haymes]]
== New books ==
*''[[Adam of the Road]]'' – [[Elizabeth Janet Gray]]
*''[[The Apostle (novel)|The Apostle]]'' – [[Sholem Asch]]
*''[[Citizen Tom Paine]]'' – [[Howard Fast]]
*''[[Claudius the God]]'' – [[Robert Graves]]
*''[[Crux Ansata]]'' – [[H. G. Wells]]
*''[[Earth's Last Citadel]]'' – [[C. L. Moore]]
*''[[The Fountainhead]]'' – [[Ayn Rand]]
*''[[Gremlins (novel)|Gremlins]]'' – [[Roald Dahl]]
*''A Haunted House and other stories'' – [[Virginia Woolf]] (published anonymously)
*''[[Le Képi]]'' – [[Colette]]
*''[[The Lady in the Lake]]'' – [[Raymond Chandler]]
*''[[The Last of Summer]]'' – [[Kate O'Brien]]
*''[[The Little Prince]]'' – [[Antoine de Saint-Exupery]]
*''[[The Nature and Destiny of Man]]'' – [[Reinhold Niebuhr]]
*''[[Mr. Mirakel]]'' – [[E. Phillips Oppenheim]]
*''[[The Ship (novel)|The Ship]]'' – [[C.S. Forester]]
*''[[The Raven]]'' – [[Chancellor Williams]]
*''[[Rhadopis of Nubia]]'' – [[Naguib Mahfouz]]
*''[[A Tree Grows in Brooklyn]]'' – [[Betty Smith]]
*''[[Victoria Grandolet]]'' – [[Henry Bellamann]]
*''[[The White Face]]'' – [[Carl Offord]]
==Nobel Prizes==
* [[Henrik Dam]] and [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]], won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]for the discovery of [[Vitamin K]].
[[Category:1943| ]]
== Events ==
*[[January 4]] – End of term for [[Culbert Olson]], 29th [[List of Governors of California|Governor of California]]. [[Earl Warren]] follows him.
*[[January 11]] – The [[United States]] and [[United Kingdom]] give up territorial rights in [[China]].
*[[January 11]] – General Juanto dies in [[Argentina]] – [[Ramon Castillo]] succeeds him
*[[January 12]] – [[Jan Campert]], [[Netherlands|Dutch]] journalist and writer, dies in Neuengamme concentration camp
*[[January 14]] – [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] becomes the first [[President (United States)|President of the United States]] to travel by [[airplane]] while in office ([[Miami, Florida]] to [[Morocco]] to meet with [[Winston Churchill]] to discuss [[World War II]]).
*[[January 15]] – [[World War II]]: [[Japan]]ese are driven off [[Guadalcanal]].
*[[January 15]] – The world's largest office building, [[The Pentagon]], is dedicated ([[Arlington, Virginia]]).
*[[January 18]] – [[World War II]]: [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] officials announce they have broken the [[Wehrmacht]]'s [[siege of Leningrad]].
*[[January 18]] – The [[Jew]]s in the [[Warsaw Ghetto]] rise up for the first time, starting the [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]].
*[[January 23]] – [[World War II]]: [[United Kingdom|British]] forces capture [[Tripoli]] from the [[Nazi]]s.
*[[January 23]] – In [[Spearfish, South Dakota]], temperature rises from -20 to +7 degrees Celsius in two minutes
*[[January 23]] – [[Duke Ellington]] plays at [[New York City]]'s [[Carnegie Hall]] for the first time.
*[[January 24]] – World War II: [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] and [[Winston Churchill]] conclude a conference in [[Casablanca]].
*[[January 27]] – World War II: 50 bombers mount the first all American [[air raid]] against [[Germany]] ([[Wilhelmshaven]] was the target).
*[[February 1]] – World War II: [[Vidkun Quisling]] is appointed [[Prime Minister]] of [[Norway]] by the [[Nazi]] occupiers.
*[[February 2]] – World War II: In [[Russia]], the [[Battle of Stalingrad]] comes to an end with the surrender of the German 6th Army.
*[[February 3]] – World War II: The death of the [[Four Chaplains]] when their ship was struck by a [[torpedo]].
*[[February 7]] – World War II: In the [[United States]], it is announced that [[shoe]] rationing will go into effect in two days.
*[[February 8]] – World War II: [[Battle of Kursk]] – the [[Russia]]n army captures the city.
* February 8 – World War II: [[Battle of Guadalcanal]] – [[United States]] forces defeat Japanese troops.
*[[February 10]] – [[March 3]] – [[Mohandas Gandhi]] stops eating to protest that he was in jail.
*[[February 11]] – General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower|Eisenhower]] is selected to command the allied armies in [[Europe]].
*[[February 14]] – [[World War II]]: [[Rostov]], [[Russia]] is freed.
*[[February 14]] – World War II: [[Battle of the Kasserine Pass]] – [[Germany|German]] General [[Erwin Rommel]] and his [[Afrika Korps]] launch an offensive against Allied defenses in [[Tunisia]]; it is the [[United States]]' first major battle defeat of the war.
*[[February 16]] – [[World War II]]: [[Soviet Union]] reconquers [[Kharkov]], but is later driven out in the [[Third Battle of Kharkov]]
*[[February 18]] – The [[Nazi]]s arrest the members of the [[White Rose]] movement.
*[[February 20]] – American [[movie studio]] executives agree to allow the [[Office of War Information]] to [[censorship|censor]] movies.
*[[February 22]] – Members of [[White Rose]] are executed in [[Nazi]] Germany.
*[[February 27]] – The [[Smith Mine disaster|Smith Mine #3]] in [[Bearcreek, Montana|Bearcreek]], [[Montana]], [[United States]] explodes, killing 74 men.
*[[February 28]] – OPERATION GUNNERSIDE, 6 Norwegians led by Joachim Ronneberg successfully attack the heavy water plant [[Vemork]].
*[[March 1]] – "Panzer General" [[Heinz Guderian]] becomes the Inspector-General of the Armoured Troops for the [[Germany|German]] Army during [[World War II]].
*[[March 2]] – [[World War II]]: [[Battle of the Bismarck Sea]] – [[United States]] and [[Australia]]n forces sink [[Japan]]ese convoy ships.
*[[March 3]] – 173 people are killed in a crush while trying to enter an [[air-raid shelter]] at [[Bethnal Green tube station]] in [[London]].
*[[March 8]] – World War II: American forces are attacked by [[Japan]]ese troops on Hill 700 in [[Bougainville]] in a battle that will last five days.
*[[March 13]] – World War II: On [[Bougainville]], [[Japan]]ese troops end their assault on [[United States|American]] forces at Hill 700.
*[[March 13]] – [[Holocaust]]: [[Nazi Germany|German]] forces liquidate the Jewish ghetto in [[Kraków]].
*[[March 26]] – World War II: [[Battle of Komandorski Islands]] – In the [[Aleutian Islands]] the battle begins when [[United States Navy]] forces intercept [[Japan]]ese attempting to reinforce a garrison at [[Kiska]].
*[[April 3]] – Shipwrecked steward [[Poon Lim]] is rescued by [[Brazil]]ian fishermen after he has been adrift for 130 days
*[[April 22]] – [[Albert Hofmann]] writes his first report about the hallucinogenic properties of [[LSD]], which he first synthesized in 1938.
*[[April 25]] – [[Easter]] occurs on the latest possible date. Last time [[1886]] next time [[2038]].
*[[April 27]] – The U.S. [[Federal Writers' Project]] is shuttered.
*[[May 11]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|American]] troops invade [[Attu Island|Attu]] in the [[Aleutian Islands]] in an attempt to expel occupying [[Japan]]ese forces.
*[[May 13]] – World War II: [[Germany|German]] [[Afrika Korps]] and [[Italy|Italian]] troops in [[North Africa]] surrender to [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces.
*[[May 16]] – World War II: The [[Dambuster Raids]] by RAF 617 Sqdn on German dams.
*[[May 16]] – [[Holocaust]]: The [[Warsaw Ghetto Uprising]] ends.
*[[May 17]] – [[World War II]]: Surviving RAF ''[[Operation Chastise|Dam Busters]]'' return.
*[[May 17]] – The [[United States Army]] contracts with the [[University of Pennsylvania]]'s Moore School to develop the [[ENIAC]].
*[[May 24]] – [[Holocaust]]: [[Josef Mengele]] becomes Chief Medical Officer in [[Auschwitz]].
*[[June 4]] – [[Military coup]] in [[Argentina]] ousts [[Ramón Castillo]].
*[[June 22]] – [[U.S. 45th Infantry Division|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]] land in North Africa prior to training at Arzew, French Morocco while serving in [[World War II]].
*[[July 5]] – [[World War II]]: [[Battle of Kursk]] – The largest tank battle in history begins.
*[[July 5]] – World War II: An Allied invasion fleet sails to [[Sicily]].
*[[July 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the [[Battle of Kula Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].
*[[July 10]] – World War II: The [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] begin their invasion of [[Axis countries|Axis]]-controlled [[Europe]] with landings on the island of [[Sicily]], off mainland [[Italy]] by the [[U.S. 45th Infantry Division|U.S. Army 45th Infantry Division]].
*[[July 12]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Kolombangara]].
*[[July 19]] – World War II: [[Rome]] is bombed by the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] for the first time in the war.
*[[July 24]] – World War II: [[Operation Gomorrah]] begins: [[United Kingdom|British]] and [[Canada|Canadian]] aeroplanes bomb [[Hamburg]] by night, those of the [[United States|Americans]] by day. By the end of the operation in November, 9,000 tons of explosives will have killed more than 30,000 people and destroyed 280,000 buildings.
*[[July 25]] – In [[Italy]] the Gran Consiglio del Fascismo retires its consent to [[Benito Mussolini|Mussolini]]; Mussolini is arrested and the power is given to Maresciallo d'Italia Gen. [[Pietro Badoglio]].
*[[July 27]] – World War II: [[Soviet Union|USSR]] leader [[Joseph Stalin]] issues [[Order No. 227]] in response to alarming [[Germany|German]] advances into [[Russia]]. Under the order all those who run away or otherwise leave their positions without orders to do so will be killed as soon as possible.
*[[July 28]] – World War II: [[Operation Gomorrah]] – The [[United Kingdom|British]] bomb [[Hamburg]] causing a [[firestorm]] that kills 42,000 [[Germany|German]] civilians.
*[[August 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the [[Battle of Vella Gulf]] off [[Kolombangara]].
*[[August 17]] – World War II: The [[US 7th Army]] under General [[George S. Patton]] arrive in [[Messina, Italy]] followed several hours later by the [[British 8th Army]] under Field Marshal [[Bernard L. Montgomery]], thus completing the [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] conquest of [[Sicily]].
*[[August 29]] – World War II: Germany dissolves the [[Denmark|Danish]] government after it refuses to deal with a wave of strikes and disturbances to the satisfaction of the German authorities. (See: [[Occupation of Denmark]])
*[[September 3]] – World War II: Mainland [[Italy]] is invaded by [[Allies of World War II|Allied]] forces under [[Bernard L. Montgomery]], for the first time in the war.
*[[September 5]] – World War II: The [[503rd Parachute Regiment]] under [[United States|American]] General [[Douglas MacArthur]] lands and occupies [[Nadzab]], just east of the port city of [[Lae]] in northeastern [[Papua New Guinea]].
*[[September 8]] – World War II: [[United States]] General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] publicly announces the surrender of [[Italy]] to the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]].
*[[September 8]] – World War II: [[Julius Fucik]] is killed by [[Nazi]]s.
*[[September 23]] – World War II: [[Republic of Salò]] is founded.
*[[October 6]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Vella Lavella]].
*[[October 13]] – World War II: The new government of [[Italy]] sides with the [[Allies of World War II|Allies]] and declares war on [[Germany]].
*[[October 22]] – World War II: [[Royal Air Force|RAF]] delivers a highly destructive airstrike on the German industrial and population center of [[Kassel]]
*[[November 1]] – World War II: In [[Operation Goodtime]], [[United States Marines]] land on [[Bougainville]] in the [[Solomon Islands]].
*[[November 2]] – World War II: In the early morning hours, [[United States|American]] and [[Japan]]ese ships fight the inconclusive [[Battle of Empress Augusta Bay]] off [[Bougainville]].
*[[November 2]] – World War II: British troops, in Italy, reach the [[Garigliano River]].
*[[November 15]] – [[Porajmos]]: [[Germany|German]] [[SS]] leader [[Heinrich Himmler]] orders that [[Roma and Sinti|Gypsies]] and "part-Gypsies" were to be put "on the same level as [[Jew]]s and placed in [[concentration camp]]s."
*[[November 16]] – World War II: After flying from [[United Kingdom|Britain]], 160 [[United States|American]] bombers strike a [[hydro-electric power]] facility and [[heavy water]] factory in [[Germany|German]]-controlled [[Vemork]], [[Norway]].
*[[November 16]] – World War II: Japanese [[submarine]] sinks surfaced USA submarine USS Corvina near [[Truk]]
*[[November 18]] – World War II: 440 [[Royal Air Force]] planes bomb [[Berlin]] causing only light damage and killing 131. The RAF lost nine aircraft and 53 aviators.
*[[November 20]] – World War II: [[Battle of Tarawa]] begins – [[United States Marines]] land on [[Tarawa]] and [[Makin]] atolls in the [[Gilbert Islands]] and take heavy fire from [[Japan]]ese shore guns.
*[[November 22]] – World War II: [[Asian theatre of World War II|War in the Pacific]] – [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]], and ROC leader [[Chiang Kai-Shek]] meet in [[Cairo]], [[Egypt]], to discuss ways to defeat [[Japan]].
*[[November 22]] – [[Lebanon]] breaks away from [[France]] and becomes its own country.
*[[November 23]] – The [[Deutsche Opernhaus]] on Bismarckstraße in the [[Berlin]] neighborhood of [[Charlottenburg]] was destroyed. It was rebuilt in [[1961]] and called the [[Deutsche Oper Berlin]].
*[[November 25]] – [[World War II]]: [[United States|Americans]] and [[Japan]]ese fight the naval [[Battle of Cape St. George]] between [[Buka]] and [[New Ireland]].
*[[November 28]] – World War II: [[Tehran Conference]] – [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]], British Prime Minister [[Winston Churchill]] and Soviet Leader [[Joseph Stalin]] meet in [[Tehran]] to discuss war strategy (on [[November 30]] they established an agreement concerning a planned June [[1944]] invasion of [[Europe]] codenamed [[D-Day|Operation Overlord]]).
*[[November 29]] – Second session of [[AVNOJ]], the Anti-fascist council of national liberation of [[Yugoslavia]], is held in [[Jajce]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]], determining the post-war ordering of the country.
*[[December 4]] – World War II: In [[Yugoslavia]], resistance leader [[Marshal Tito]] proclaims a provisional democratic Yugoslav government in-exile.
*[[December 4]] – [[Great Depression]] ends in the [[United States]]: With unemployment figures falling fast due to [[World War II]]-related employment, [[President (United States)|US President]] [[Franklin Delano Roosevelt|Franklin D. Roosevelt]] closes the [[Works Progress Administration]].
*[[December 20]] – [[Military coup]] in [[Bolivia]]
*[[December 24]] – World War II: US General [[Dwight D. Eisenhower]] becomes the supreme Allied commander.
*[[December 30]] – [[Subhash Chandra Bose]] raises the flag of [[India]]n independence at [[Port Blair]].
*Development of the [[Colossus computer]] by British to break German encryption (see [[History of computing hardware]]).
*[[Mondragón Cooperative Corporation|Mondragón]] [[cooperative]] begins in [[Basque Country]] in Spain
*[[Arana Hall, Otago]] founded.
*[[World War II|Second World War]] ([[1939]]-[[1945]])
*[[Sino-Japanese War (1937-1945)|Sino-Japanese War]] ([[1937]]-[[1945]])
== Births ==
*[[January 1]] - [[Tony Knowles]], former [[Governor]] of [[Alaska]]
*[[January 7]] - [[Sadako Sasaki]], Japanese atomic bomb victim (d. [[1955]])
*[[January 14]] - [[Ralph Steinman]], Canadian scientist (d. [[2011]])
*[[January 24]] - [[Peter Struck]], German politician (d. [[2012]])
*[[January 24]] - [[Sharon Tate]], American actress (d. [[1969]])
*[[February 19]] – [[Lou Christie]], singer
*[[February 22]] - [[Horst Koehler]], former [[President of Germany]]
*[[February 25]] – [[George Harrison]], English musician (d. [[2001]])
*[[March 9]] – [[Bobby Fischer]], American-born Icelandic chess player (d. [[2008]])
*[[March 19]] - [[Mario Monti]], [[Prime Minister]] of [[Italy]]
*[[March 29]] - [[John Major]], former [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom]]
*[[March 29]] – [[Eric Idle]], English actor and comedian
*[[March 31]] – [[Christopher Walken]], American actor
*[[April 30]] - [[Frederick Chiluba]], former [[President]] of [[Zambia]] (d. [[2011]])
*[[May 5]] - [[Michael Palin]], British actor, comedian, television presenter and writer
*[[May 14]] - [[Olafur Ragnar Grimsson]], [[President]] of [[Iceland]]
*[[May 24]] – [[Gary Burghoff]], actor
*[[May 31]] – [[Sharon Gless]], actress
*[[June 13]] – [[Malcolm McDowell]], actor
*[[June 17]] - [[Barry Manilow]], American singer
*[[July 4]] - [[Adam Hart-Davis]], British historian
*[[July 4]] - [[Heide Simonis]], German politician
*[[August 11]] - [[Pervez Musharraf]], former [[President]] of [[Pakistan]]
*[[August 17]] – [[Robert De Niro]], actor
*[[August 18]] – [[Gianni Rivera]], former Italian footballer
*[[August 23]] – [[Pino Presti]], Italian bassist, arranger, composer, conductor, record producer
*[[August 30]] – [[Robert Crumb]], American cartoonist
*[[September 27]] – [[Randy Bachman]], American musician
*[[September 29]] - [[Mohammad Khatami]], former [[President]] of [[Iran]]
*[[September 29]] - [[Lech Walesa]], former [[President]] of [[Poland]]
*[[September 29]] - [[Wolfgang Overath]], German footballer
*[[December 7]] - [[Sue Johnston]], British actress
*[[December 11]] – [[John Kerry]], American politician, former Presidential candidate and current [[United States Secretary of State]]
*[[December 23]] - [[Silvia Sommerlath]], [[Queen]] of [[Sweden]]
*[[December 24]] - [[Tarja Halonen]], former [[President]] of [[Finland]]
*[[December 28]] - [[Richard Whiteley]], British television presenter (d. [[2005]])
*[[December 31]] - [[John Denver]], American singer (d. [[1997]])
*[[December 31]] - [[Ben Kingsley]], British actor
== Deaths ==
*[[January 5]] – [[George Washington Carver]], American educator, activist, and botanist
*[[January 7]] – [[Nikola Tesla]], physicist
*[[January 23]] – [[Alexander Woollcott]], bon vivant
*[[February 14]] – [[David Hilbert]], mathematician
*[[February 17]] – [[Armand J. Piron]], [[jazz]] musician (born [[1888]])
*[[March 3]] – [[George Thompson (cricketer)|George Thompson]], English cricketer (b. [[1877]])
*[[March 12]] – [[Gustav Vigeland]], Norwegian sculptor
*[[March 13]] – [[Stephen Vincent Benet]], American poet (born [[1898]])
*[[March 28]] – [[Sergei Rachmaninoff]], Russian composer and pianist
*[[April 18]] – [[Isoroku Yamamoto]], Japanese admiral
*[[May 26]] – [[Edsel Ford]], son of [[Henry Ford]]
*[[July 2]] – [[Michel Velleman]]
*[[July 21]] – [[Charlie Paddock]], American athlete
*[[August 12]] – [[Robert Peel (cricketer)|Bobby Peel]], English cricketer (born [[1857]]).
*[[August 14]] – [[Joe Kelley]], [[Baseball Hall of Fame]]r (born [[1871]])
*[[August 28]] – King [[Boris III of Bulgaria]]
*[[October 5]] – [[Leon Roppolo]], jazz musician (born [[1902]])
*[[October 7]] – [[Eugeniusz Bodo]], Polish actor (murdered)
*[[October 19]] – [[Camille Claudel]], French sculptor
*[[December 1]] – [[Damrong Rajanubhab]], [[Thailand|Thai]] prince and historian (born [[1862]])
*[[Eidegenegen Eidagaruwo]], first [[Angam Baby]]
*[[Esteban Huertas]], Panamanian independence fighter
== Movies released ==
*''[[Casablanca]]''
== Hit songs ==
*"As Time Goes By" by [[Rudy Vallee]]
*"I've Heard That Song Before" by [[Harry James]]
*"In the Blue of the Evening" by [[Tommy Dorsey]]
*"Paper Doll" by [[Mills Brothers]]
*"Pistol Packin' Mama" by [[Al Dexter]]
*"Sunday, Monday or Always" by [[Bing Crosby]]
*"Taking a Chance On Love" by [[Benny Goodman]]
*"There Are Such Things" by [[Tommy Dorsey]]
*"When the Lights Go On Again" by [[Vaughn Monroe]]
*"You'll Never Know" by [[Dick Haymes]]
== New books ==
*''[[Adam of the Road]]'' – [[Elizabeth Janet Gray]]
*''[[The Apostle (novel)|The Apostle]]'' – [[Sholem Asch]]
*''[[Citizen Tom Paine]]'' – [[Howard Fast]]
*''[[Claudius the God]]'' – [[Robert Graves]]
*''[[Crux Ansata]]'' – [[H. G. Wells]]
*''[[Earth's Last Citadel]]'' – [[C. L. Moore]]
*''[[The Fountainhead]]'' – [[Ayn Rand]]
*''[[Gremlins (novel)|Gremlins]]'' – [[Roald Dahl]]
*''A Haunted House and other stories'' – [[Virginia Woolf]] (published anonymously)
*''[[Le Képi]]'' – [[Colette]]
*''[[The Lady in the Lake]]'' – [[Raymond Chandler]]
*''[[The Last of Summer]]'' – [[Kate O'Brien]]
*''[[The Little Prince]]'' – [[Antoine de Saint-Exupery]]
*''[[The Nature and Destiny of Man]]'' – [[Reinhold Niebuhr]]
*''[[Mr. Mirakel]]'' – [[E. Phillips Oppenheim]]
*''[[The Ship (novel)|The Ship]]'' – [[C.S. Forester]]
*''[[The Raven]]'' – [[Chancellor Williams]]
*''[[Rhadopis of Nubia]]'' – [[Naguib Mahfouz]]
*''[[A Tree Grows in Brooklyn]]'' – [[Betty Smith]]
*''[[Victoria Grandolet]]'' – [[Henry Bellamann]]
*''[[The White Face]]'' – [[Carl Offord]]
==Nobel Prizes==
* [[Henrik Dam]] and [[Edward Adelbert Doisy]], won the [[Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine]]for the discovery of [[Vitamin K]].
[[Category:1943| ]]