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{{for2|the moon of [[Jupiter]]|[[Europa (moon)]]}}<!-- Additional parameters for this template are available at [[Template:Infobox Planet]]. -->
{{Infobox Planet | discovery=yes | physical_characteristics = yes | bgcolour=#FFFFC0 |
name=52 Europa
| discoverer=[[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|H. Goldschmidt]]
| discovered=February 04, 1858
| image=[[File:52Eur-LB1-richfield.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Europa as seen in 24 inch telescope
| alt_names=1948 LA
| mp_category=[[Asteroid belt|Main belt]]
| epoch=November 26, 2005 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2453700.5)
| semimajor=463.911 [[Giga|Gm]] (3.101 [[Astronomical unit|AU]])
| perihelion=416.621 Gm (2.785 AU)
| aphelion=511.201 Gm (3.417 AU)
| eccentricity=0.102
| period=1994.629 [[day|d]] (5.46 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]])
| inclination=7.466[[degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node=128.992°
| arg_peri=343.553°
| mean_anomaly=70.730°
| avg_speed=16.87 km/[[second|s]]
| dimensions=360×315×240 km<sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/simps.html][http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf]</sup>
| mass=5.2±1.8×10<sup>19</sup> kg<sup>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/29/aa10228.pdf?access=ok]</sup>
| density=3.6±1.2 g/[[cubic centimetre|cm³]]
| surface_grav=~0.11 m/s²
| escape_velocity=~0.20 km/s
| rotation=0.2347 d <sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/lc.html]</sup>
| spectral_type=[[C-type asteroid]]
| abs_magnitude=6.31
| albedo=0.058 <sup>[[#IRAS|[1]]]</sup>
| single_temperature=~173 [[kelvin|K]]<br />''max:'' 258K (-15 °C)<sup>[http://aa.springer.de/papers/0358003/2301133.pdf]</sup>}}
'''52 Europa''' is an [[asteroid]]. It has a diameter of 289 km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by [[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|H. Goldschmidt]]. It is named after [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], one of [[Zeus]]'s conquests in [[Greek mythology]]. Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after [[Ceres (asteroid)|Ceres]], [[Vesta (asteroid)|Vesta]], [[Pallas (asteroid)|Pallas]], [[Hygiea (asteroid)|Hygiea]], and [[Interamnia (asteroid)|Interamnia]]) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.
It is a very dark carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid|C-type]], and the fourth-biggest of these. It orbits close to the [[Hygiea family|Hygiea asteroid family]], but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of [[olivine]]s and [[pyroxene]]s on the surface.
Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite many observations<sup>[[#Zappala83|[8]]]</sup>. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about [[ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty <sup>[[#Michalowski04|[2]]]</sup>. This gives an [[axial tilt]] of about 14° or 54°, respectively.
It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europa<sup>[http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v28n2/103.pdf]</sup>.
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
# <div id="IRAS">[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/journal/issues/v123n2/201433/201433.web.pdf Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey]</div>
# <div id="Michalowski04">T. Michałowski ''et al.'' [http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf ''Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona''], Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p. 353 (2004).
# <div id="Michalak01">G. Michalak [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/29/aa10228.pdf?access=ok ''Determination of asteroid masses II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia''], Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, p. 703 (2001) </div>
# [http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/lc.html PDS lightcurve data]
# <div id="Dotto00">E. Dotto ''et al.'' ''[http://aa.springer.de/papers/0358003/2301133.pdf ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations]'', Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p. 1133 (2000).</div>
# <div id="Sawyer91">S.R. Sawyer ''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991PhDT.......105S&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=444b66a47d24766 A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids]'', PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
# P. Schmeer and M.L. Hazen ''[http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v28n2/103.pdf CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa]'', Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000).
# <div id="Zappala83">V. Zappalà, M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori ''On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa'', Icarus, Vol. 56, p. 319 (1983).</div>
</div>
== Other websites ==
* {{cite web | title=(52) Europa | work=CBAT/MPC/ICQ Index | url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/Ephemerides/Bright/2003/00052.html | accessdate=2005-08-12 }}
* [http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf shape model deduced from lightcurve]
{{MinorPlanets Navigator|51 Nemausa|53 Kalypso}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Europa}}
[[Category:Asteroids
{{Infobox Planet | discovery=yes | physical_characteristics = yes | bgcolour=#FFFFC0 |
name=52 Europa
| discoverer=[[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|H. Goldschmidt]]
| discovered=February 04, 1858
| image=[[File:52Eur-LB1-richfield.jpg|250px]]
| caption=Europa as seen in 24 inch telescope
| alt_names=1948 LA
| mp_category=[[Asteroid belt|Main belt]]
| epoch=November 26, 2005 ([[Julian day|JD]] 2453700.5)
| semimajor=463.911 [[Giga|Gm]] (3.101 [[Astronomical unit|AU]])
| perihelion=416.621 Gm (2.785 AU)
| aphelion=511.201 Gm (3.417 AU)
| eccentricity=0.102
| period=1994.629 [[day|d]] (5.46 [[Julian year (astronomy)|a]])
| inclination=7.466[[degree (angle)|°]]
| asc_node=128.992°
| arg_peri=343.553°
| mean_anomaly=70.730°
| avg_speed=16.87 km/[[second|s]]
| dimensions=360×315×240 km<sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/simps.html][http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf]</sup>
| mass=5.2±1.8×10<sup>19</sup> kg<sup>[http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/29/aa10228.pdf?access=ok]</sup>
| density=3.6±1.2 g/[[cubic centimetre|cm³]]
| surface_grav=~0.11 m/s²
| escape_velocity=~0.20 km/s
| rotation=0.2347 d <sup>[http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/lc.html]</sup>
| spectral_type=[[C-type asteroid]]
| abs_magnitude=6.31
| albedo=0.058 <sup>[[#IRAS|[1]]]</sup>
| single_temperature=~173 [[kelvin|K]]<br />''max:'' 258K (-15 °C)<sup>[http://aa.springer.de/papers/0358003/2301133.pdf]</sup>}}
'''52 Europa''' is an [[asteroid]]. It has a diameter of 289 km, and was found on February 4, 1858 by [[Hermann Mayer Salomon Goldschmidt|H. Goldschmidt]]. It is named after [[Europa (mythology)|Europa]], one of [[Zeus]]'s conquests in [[Greek mythology]]. Europa is the seventh biggest asteroid by volume and the sixth biggest by mass (after [[Ceres (asteroid)|Ceres]], [[Vesta (asteroid)|Vesta]], [[Pallas (asteroid)|Pallas]], [[Hygiea (asteroid)|Hygiea]], and [[Interamnia (asteroid)|Interamnia]]) and contains somewhat less than 2% of the mass of the entire main belt.
It is a very dark carbonaceous [[C-type asteroid|C-type]], and the fourth-biggest of these. It orbits close to the [[Hygiea family|Hygiea asteroid family]], but is not a member. Spectroscopic studies have found evidence of [[olivine]]s and [[pyroxene]]s on the surface.
Lightcurve data for Europa has been very hard to interpret, so much so for a long time its period of rotation was in dispute (5 and a half, or 11 hours?) despite many observations<sup>[[#Zappala83|[8]]]</sup>. It has now been determined that Europa is a prograde rotator, but the exact direction in which its pole points remains unclear. The most detailed analysis indicates that it points either towards about [[ecliptic coordinate system|ecliptic coordinates]] (β, λ) = (70°, 55°) or (40°, 255°) with a 10° uncertainty <sup>[[#Michalowski04|[2]]]</sup>. This gives an [[axial tilt]] of about 14° or 54°, respectively.
It has been found that the star CV Aquarii found in 1934, was actually an incorrect misidentification of 52 Europa<sup>[http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v28n2/103.pdf]</sup>.
== References ==
<div class="references-small">
# <div id="IRAS">[http://www.journals.uchicago.edu/AJ/journal/issues/v123n2/201433/201433.web.pdf Supplemental IRAS Minor Planet Survey]</div>
# <div id="Michalowski04">T. Michałowski ''et al.'' [http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf ''Photometry and models of selected main belt asteroids I. 52 Europa, 115 Thyra, and 382 Dodona''], Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 416, p. 353 (2004).
# <div id="Michalak01">G. Michalak [http://www.edpsciences.org/articles/aa/pdf/2001/29/aa10228.pdf?access=ok ''Determination of asteroid masses II. (6) Hebe, (10) Hygiea, (15) Eunomia, (52) Europa, (88) Thisbe, (444) Gyptis, (511) Davida and (704) Interamnia''], Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 374, p. 703 (2001) </div>
# [http://www.psi.edu/pds/archive/lc.html PDS lightcurve data]
# <div id="Dotto00">E. Dotto ''et al.'' ''[http://aa.springer.de/papers/0358003/2301133.pdf ISO results on bright Main Belt asteroids: PHT – S observations]'', Astronomy & Astrophysics, Vol. 358, p. 1133 (2000).</div>
# <div id="Sawyer91">S.R. Sawyer ''[http://adsabs.harvard.edu/cgi-bin/nph-bib_query?bibcode=1991PhDT.......105S&db_key=AST&data_type=HTML&format=&high=444b66a47d24766 A High-Resolution CCD Spectroscopic Survey of Low-Albedo Main Belt Asteroids]'', PhD thesis, The University of Texas (1991).
# P. Schmeer and M.L. Hazen ''[http://www.aavso.org/publications/ejaavso/v28n2/103.pdf CV Aquarii identified with (52) Europa]'', Journal of the American Association of Variable Star Observers, Vol. 28, p. 103 (2000).
# <div id="Zappala83">V. Zappalà, M. di Martino and S. Cacciatori ''On the ambiguity of rotational periods of asteroids - The peculiar case of 52 Europa'', Icarus, Vol. 56, p. 319 (1983).</div>
</div>
== Other websites ==
* {{cite web | title=(52) Europa | work=CBAT/MPC/ICQ Index | url=http://cfa-www.harvard.edu/iau/Ephemerides/Bright/2003/00052.html | accessdate=2005-08-12 }}
* [http://www.rni.helsinki.fi/~mjk/Micha.pdf shape model deduced from lightcurve]
{{MinorPlanets Navigator|51 Nemausa|53 Kalypso}}
{{Small Solar System bodies}}
{{DEFAULTSORT:Europa}}
[[Category:Asteroids