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The [[Australia|Commonwealth of Australia]] is a [[federation|federal]] [[constitutional monarchy]] with a [[parliamentary democracy]]. The Commonwealth of Australia was formed in 1901 when the six self-governing [[British Empire|British colonies]], agreed to join together as one nation. These colonies became the six states of Australia. The written agreement is the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]]. This was written at a [[Constitutional Convention (Australia)|Constitutional Convention]] and voted for by the people of the colonies.
The way the Australian Government is organized can be looked at in two ways. The first is [[federalism]] which organizes the way powers are distributed between the Australian Government and the state governments. The second is [[separation of powers]] into legislative, executive and judiciary branches of government. The Constitution supports the separation of powers in the way it sets out the roles of the branches of government.
== The Federal Government ==
Section 1 of the Australian Constitution sets up a [[democracy|democratic]] [[legislature]], the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Australia]]. This is the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]] and two houses, the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] and the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Section 51 of the Constitution sets out the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and gives certain powers and responsibilities (known as "heads of power") to the federal government. All remaining responsibilities are kept by the six [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories|States]]. Each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can take over the powers of any other. The [[High Court of Australia]] rules on any arguments between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, about their powers.
The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution. To become law, the proposals must be put to a [[referendum]] of all Australians of voting age. The changes must get a "double majority": a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of States.
The Commonwealth Constitution also says that the States can agree to give any of their powers to the Commonwealth. This can be done by an amendment to the Constitution through a referendum. More commonly, if all the states agree, then all state and Commonwealth parliaments pass laws to allow the transfer. These "transfer" laws may have a "sunset clause". This is a part of the law that means the law is only in place for a certain time. After this, the original division of powers is put back.
Australia has several territories, three of which are self-governing: the [[Australian Capital Territory]] (ACT), the [[Northern Territory]] (NT) and [[Norfolk Island]]. The legislatures of these territories have powers given to them by the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth Parliament keeps the power to overturn territorial legislation and to give or take powers. While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament, Norfolk Islanders are not.
Australia's other territories, ([[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]], [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]) are not self-governing. Instead, these territories are governed by federal laws, with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments. The largely uninhabited [[Coral Sea Islands]] was set up as a Territory of the Commonwealth in 1969. The [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]] has been a territory since 1933 run under the laws of the Northern Territory.
The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the [[Parliament of Australia]] were the subject of long negotiations among the colonies. The [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is elected on a basis which shows the different sized populations of the States. So [[New South Wales]] has 50 members while [[Tasmania]] has only five. But the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] is elected on a basis of equality among the States: all States have 12 Senators, regardless of population. This was so the Senators of the smaller States could form a majority and change or even reject laws from the House of Representatives. The ACT and the NT elect two senators each.
The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is [[Local government in Australia|Local government]]. These are organized as [[shire]]s, towns or cities. Local governments are made up of elected representatives (known as either [[councilor]] or [[alderman]] depending on the State), usually serving on a part-time basis.
Government is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government:
* Legislature: The [[Parliament of Australia|Commonwealth Parliament]]
* Executive: The Sovereign, whose executive power is used by the Governor-General, the Prime Minister, Ministers and their Departments
* Judiciary: The [[High Court of Australia]] and other Federal courts.
The ''[[Separation of powers]]'' is the principle whereby the three arms of government do their activities separate from each other:
* the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills. It sets up legal framework for the work of the other two arms. The Sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament, but takes no active role in these matters.
* the Executive passes the laws by Royal Assent, administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation
* the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law, using both [[statute law]] and the [[common law]]. The Australian courts cannot give [[advisory opinions]] on the constitutionality of laws
* the other arms cannot influence the Judiciary.
Before the [[Australia Act 1986]], and matching legislation in the parliament of the United Kingdom, some Australian cases could be sent to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] for final appeal. Australian law is now only decided on in Australia, and the [[High Court of Australia]] is the highest court of appeal. The possibility of the British Parliament making laws to overturn the Australian Constitution was also removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa1986114/index.html#s1 |title=Australia Act 1986 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |work=Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General’s Department}}</ref>
===Legislature===
{{main|Parliament of Australia}}
The Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws if needed. The [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]] is [[bicameral]], made up of the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]], a 76-member [[Australian Senate|Senate]] and a 150-member [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using [[proportional representation]] and the [[single transferable vote]] (known in Australia as "preferential voting", with half elected every three years.
There are also two senators elected by voters from the [[Northern Territory]] (and including the Indian Ocean Territories, [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]). Another two senators are elected by the voters of the [[Australian Capital Territory]] (including the [[Jervis Bay Territory]]). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, however, their term of office is not fixed: it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends the day before the next such election day.
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by preferential voting from single-member areas spread among the states and territories roughly in proportion to population. In ordinary legislation, the two chambers have the same powers, but all laws for spending money or charging taxes must come from the House of Representatives. In the [[Westminster system]], the leader of the political party or group of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is asked to form a government and is named [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, of which they must be members. General elections are held at least once every three years. The Prime Minister can advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods set out in the Constitution. The most recent general election was on [[Australian federal election, 2010|21 August 2010]].
The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures use the [[Westminster system]]. They have a recognised [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Leader of the Opposition]], usually the leader of the largest party outside the government. There is also a [[Shadow Cabinet]] of Opposition members who "shadow" each member of the Ministry, asking questions on matters about the Minister's responsibilities. The government, because it has a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house. The Opposition can slow down the process and obstruct government business if it chooses. The day-to-day business of the house is usually worked out between a senior Minister, who holds the title [[Leader of the House (Australia)|Leader of the House]], and an Opposition frontbencher known as the [[Manager of Opposition Business]].
===Executive===
====Head of state====
The [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]] was written in 1901, when the [[British Dominions|Dominions]] of the [[British Empire]] were not independent countries, and does not use the words "head of state". In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the [[Queen of Australia]] and the [[Governor-General of Australia]]. The Governor- General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they are also independently vested with many important constitutional powers by the Constitution.
The [[Sovereign]] of Australia is currently [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]. She is also the Sovereign of fifteen other [[Commonwealth Realm]]s including the United Kingdom. Like the other [[British Dominions|Dominions]], Australia gained legislative independence from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] through the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. This came into force in Australia in 1942, but back dated to 3 September 1939. With the [[Royal Style and Titles Act 1953]], the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title [[Queen of Australia]]. In 1973 her Australian title no longer included her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and [[Defender of the Faith]].
Section 61 of the Constitution says that 'The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen’s representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth'. Section 2 of the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]] says that a [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] shall represent the Queen in Australia. In practice, the Governor-General carries out all the tasks usually done by a head of state, without asking the Queen.
The question of whether the Queen is Australia's head of state became a political one during the [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|1999 Australian republic referendum]], when opponents of the move to make Australia a republic claimed that Australia already had an Australian as head of state in the person of the Governor-General, who since 1965 has invariably been an Australian citizen. The former Governor-General, [[Michael Jeffery|Major General Michael Jeffery]], said in 2004: "Her Majesty is Australia's head of state but I am her representative and to all intents and purposes I carry out the full role." However, in 2005, he declined to name the Queen as head of state, instead saying in response to a direct question, "The Queen is the Monarch and I represent her, and I carry out all the functions of head of state."<ref>{{cite press release
| title = The Governor-General is Interviewed by Greg Turnbull on the Ten Network's Meet The Press | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date =2005-05-29 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=40 | accessdate = 2007-01-18}}</ref> The Governor-General represents Australia internationally, making and receiving State visits.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Media Release by the Prime Minister - Major General Jeffery as Australia's 24th Governor-General | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date = 2006-06-16 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=15 | accessdate = 2007-01-18 }} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = Statement by the Governor-General - State Visit to China | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date = 2005-10-07 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=34 | accessdate = 2007-01-18}} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
In 2009 Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] called the Governor-General the Australian head of state. He said an overseas visit by Quentin Bryce "...to Africa of this scale by Australia's Head of State will express the seriousness of Australia's commitment".<ref>{{cite press release | title = Governor-General's Visit to Africa | publisher = Prime Minister of Australia | date = 6 March 2009 | url = http://www.pm.gov.au/node/5270 | accessdate = 30 November 2009 }} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
Under the [[Westminster system]] the Governor-General's powers are almost always used on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers. The Governor-General retains [[reserve powers]] similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom. These are rarely exercised, but during the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]] Governor-General Sir [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|John Kerr]] used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.
Several times people in Australia have wanted to remove the monarchy. In a [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|1999 referendum]], the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution. The proposal would have removed the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]] from the Constitution and replaced the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] with a [[President]] nominated by the Prime Minister, but needing the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament. The proposal was defeated. The [[Australian Republican Movement]] continues to call for an end to the monarchy in Australia, opposed by [[Australians for Constitutional Monarchy]].
====Executive Council====
The Federal Executive Council consists of the Governor-General, the Prime Minister and Ministers. It is a formal body which exists to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions. Members of the Executive Council are entitled to be styled "[[The Honourable]]", a title which they retain for life. The Governor-General usually [[President of the Executive Council|presides]] at Council meetings, but a Minister with the title [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]] serves as the link between the government and the Council.
====Cabinet====
The [[Constitution of Australia]] does not mention the [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]], and its decisions have no legal force. All members of the ministry must be sworn as members of the [[Federal Executive Council]]. This council is chaired by the Governor-General and which meets solely to approve and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet. That is why there is always a member of the ministry holding the title [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]].
Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. With more ministers added in the 1940s and 1950s this made the cabinet too big. In 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two level ministry, with only senior ministers in the Cabinet. These are known as the [[front bench]] because the sit on the front bench seats in the Parliament. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] Government.
When the non-Labor parties have been in power, the Prime Minister has made all Cabinet and ministerial appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right decide his party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to work with the Prime Minister to give them their responsibilities.
When the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson used the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Caucus]]. The Prime Minister would allocate their responsibilities. The Labor Prime Ministers had a lot of influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders small groups inside the party also had a lot of power. Prior to the [[Australian general election, 2007|2007 general election]], [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry if he become Prime Minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2007-09-11 |first=Ben |last=Worsley}}</ref>
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in other Australian state capitals, most often [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]]. Kevin Rudd said he wanted the Cabinet to meet in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |work=News Online |date=2007-11-21 |accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in Sydney are located in [[Phillip Street, Sydney|Phillip Street]].
====Caretaker governments====
There are times when the government acts in a "caretaker" capacity, principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election.
===Judiciary===
The Judiciary interprets the laws, using as a basis the laws as enacted and what was said in the Legislature while the laws were being passed.
* [[High Court of Australia]]
* [[Federal Court of Australia]]
* [[Family Court of Australia]]
* [[Federal Magistrates Court]]
==Related pages==
* [[Australian federal budget]]
* [[Australian Public Service]]
== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Note|signing}} Before 1931, the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King, with dominion ministers, if they met the King at all, escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister. After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as ''His'' ministers as of right, equal in Commonwealth status to Britain's ministers, meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for, or an acceptance of, the presence of British ministers. The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the [[Irish Free State]]. Australia and other dominions soon followed.
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
==Other websites==
* [http://www.australia.gov.au Australian Federal Government]
===Government departments===
<!--update after|2011|06|01|reason=Next Australian Government Election and possible Government changes. Please update the names and addresses of the departments listed by going to their websites, and then update the update-after date to a few months after the next Australin Government election.-->
* [http://www.dpmc.gov.au Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet]
* [http://www.daff.gov.au/ Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]
* [http://www.ag.gov.au/ Attorney-General's Department]
* [http://www.defence.gov.au/ Department of Defence]
* [http://www.deewr.gov.au/ Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations]
* [http://www.environment.gov.au/ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts]
* [http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/ Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]
* [http://www.dfat.gov.au/ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]
* [http://www.health.gov.au/ Department of Health and Ageing]
* [http://www.immi.gov.au/ Department of Immigration and Citizenship]
* [http://www.humanservices.gov.au/ Department of Human Services]
* [http://www.innovation.gov.au/ The Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research]
* [http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/ Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government]
* [http://www.treasury.gov.au/ The Treasury]
* [http://www.dva.gov.au/ Department of Veterans' Affairs]
[[Category:Government of Australia| ]]
The way the Australian Government is organized can be looked at in two ways. The first is [[federalism]] which organizes the way powers are distributed between the Australian Government and the state governments. The second is [[separation of powers]] into legislative, executive and judiciary branches of government. The Constitution supports the separation of powers in the way it sets out the roles of the branches of government.
== The Federal Government ==
Section 1 of the Australian Constitution sets up a [[democracy|democratic]] [[legislature]], the [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] [[Parliament of Australia]]. This is the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]] and two houses, the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] and the [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Section 51 of the Constitution sets out the Commonwealth Government's legislative powers and gives certain powers and responsibilities (known as "heads of power") to the federal government. All remaining responsibilities are kept by the six [[Parliaments of the Australian states and territories|States]]. Each State has its own constitution, so that Australia has seven sovereign Parliaments, none of which can take over the powers of any other. The [[High Court of Australia]] rules on any arguments between the Commonwealth and the States, or among the States, about their powers.
The Commonwealth Parliament can propose changes to the Constitution. To become law, the proposals must be put to a [[referendum]] of all Australians of voting age. The changes must get a "double majority": a majority of all votes, and a majority of votes in a majority of States.
The Commonwealth Constitution also says that the States can agree to give any of their powers to the Commonwealth. This can be done by an amendment to the Constitution through a referendum. More commonly, if all the states agree, then all state and Commonwealth parliaments pass laws to allow the transfer. These "transfer" laws may have a "sunset clause". This is a part of the law that means the law is only in place for a certain time. After this, the original division of powers is put back.
Australia has several territories, three of which are self-governing: the [[Australian Capital Territory]] (ACT), the [[Northern Territory]] (NT) and [[Norfolk Island]]. The legislatures of these territories have powers given to them by the Commonwealth. The Commonwealth Parliament keeps the power to overturn territorial legislation and to give or take powers. While Australian citizens living in the Australian Capital Territory and the Northern Territory are represented in the Commonwealth Parliament, Norfolk Islanders are not.
Australia's other territories, ([[Jervis Bay Territory|Jervis Bay]], [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]) are not self-governing. Instead, these territories are governed by federal laws, with Christmas Island and the Cocos Islands also having local governments. The largely uninhabited [[Coral Sea Islands]] was set up as a Territory of the Commonwealth in 1969. The [[Ashmore and Cartier Islands]] has been a territory since 1933 run under the laws of the Northern Territory.
The federal nature of the Commonwealth and the structure of the [[Parliament of Australia]] were the subject of long negotiations among the colonies. The [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]] is elected on a basis which shows the different sized populations of the States. So [[New South Wales]] has 50 members while [[Tasmania]] has only five. But the [[Australian Senate|Senate]] is elected on a basis of equality among the States: all States have 12 Senators, regardless of population. This was so the Senators of the smaller States could form a majority and change or even reject laws from the House of Representatives. The ACT and the NT elect two senators each.
The third level of government after Commonwealth and State/Territory is [[Local government in Australia|Local government]]. These are organized as [[shire]]s, towns or cities. Local governments are made up of elected representatives (known as either [[councilor]] or [[alderman]] depending on the State), usually serving on a part-time basis.
Government is undertaken by three inter-connected arms of government:
* Legislature: The [[Parliament of Australia|Commonwealth Parliament]]
* Executive: The Sovereign, whose executive power is used by the Governor-General, the Prime Minister, Ministers and their Departments
* Judiciary: The [[High Court of Australia]] and other Federal courts.
The ''[[Separation of powers]]'' is the principle whereby the three arms of government do their activities separate from each other:
* the Legislature proposes laws in the form of Bills. It sets up legal framework for the work of the other two arms. The Sovereign is formally a part of the Parliament, but takes no active role in these matters.
* the Executive passes the laws by Royal Assent, administers the laws and carries out the tasks assigned to it by legislation
* the Judiciary hears cases arising from the administration of the law, using both [[statute law]] and the [[common law]]. The Australian courts cannot give [[advisory opinions]] on the constitutionality of laws
* the other arms cannot influence the Judiciary.
Before the [[Australia Act 1986]], and matching legislation in the parliament of the United Kingdom, some Australian cases could be sent to the [[Judicial Committee of the Privy Council]] for final appeal. Australian law is now only decided on in Australia, and the [[High Court of Australia]] is the highest court of appeal. The possibility of the British Parliament making laws to overturn the Australian Constitution was also removed.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.austlii.edu.au/au/legis/cth/consol_act/aa1986114/index.html#s1 |title=Australia Act 1986 |publisher=Commonwealth of Australia |work=Office of Legislative Drafting, Attorney-General’s Department}}</ref>
===Legislature===
{{main|Parliament of Australia}}
The Legislature makes the laws, and supervises the activities of the other two arms with a view to changing the laws if needed. The [[Parliament of Australia|Australian Parliament]] is [[bicameral]], made up of the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]], a 76-member [[Australian Senate|Senate]] and a 150-member [[Australian House of Representatives|House of Representatives]]. Twelve Senators from each state are elected for six-year terms, using [[proportional representation]] and the [[single transferable vote]] (known in Australia as "preferential voting", with half elected every three years.
There are also two senators elected by voters from the [[Northern Territory]] (and including the Indian Ocean Territories, [[Christmas Island]] and the [[Cocos (Keeling) Islands]]). Another two senators are elected by the voters of the [[Australian Capital Territory]] (including the [[Jervis Bay Territory]]). Senators from the territories are also elected using preferential voting, however, their term of office is not fixed: it starts on the day of a general election for the House of Representatives and ends the day before the next such election day.
The members of the House of Representatives are elected by preferential voting from single-member areas spread among the states and territories roughly in proportion to population. In ordinary legislation, the two chambers have the same powers, but all laws for spending money or charging taxes must come from the House of Representatives. In the [[Westminster system]], the leader of the political party or group of parties that holds the support of a majority of the members in the House of Representatives is asked to form a government and is named [[Prime Minister of Australia|Prime Minister]].
The Prime Minister and the Cabinet are responsible to the Parliament, of which they must be members. General elections are held at least once every three years. The Prime Minister can advise the Governor-General to call an election for the House of Representatives at any time, but Senate elections can only be held within certain periods set out in the Constitution. The most recent general election was on [[Australian federal election, 2010|21 August 2010]].
The Commonwealth Parliament and all the state and territory legislatures use the [[Westminster system]]. They have a recognised [[Leader of the Opposition (Australia)|Leader of the Opposition]], usually the leader of the largest party outside the government. There is also a [[Shadow Cabinet]] of Opposition members who "shadow" each member of the Ministry, asking questions on matters about the Minister's responsibilities. The government, because it has a majority of members in the lower house of the legislature, can usually pass its legislation and control the workings of the house. The Opposition can slow down the process and obstruct government business if it chooses. The day-to-day business of the house is usually worked out between a senior Minister, who holds the title [[Leader of the House (Australia)|Leader of the House]], and an Opposition frontbencher known as the [[Manager of Opposition Business]].
===Executive===
====Head of state====
The [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]] was written in 1901, when the [[British Dominions|Dominions]] of the [[British Empire]] were not independent countries, and does not use the words "head of state". In practice, the role of head of state of Australia is divided between two people, the [[Queen of Australia]] and the [[Governor-General of Australia]]. The Governor- General is appointed by the Queen on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Australia]]. Though in many respects the Governor-General is the Queen's representative, and exercises various constitutional powers in her name, they are also independently vested with many important constitutional powers by the Constitution.
The [[Sovereign]] of Australia is currently [[Elizabeth II|Queen Elizabeth II]]. She is also the Sovereign of fifteen other [[Commonwealth Realm]]s including the United Kingdom. Like the other [[British Dominions|Dominions]], Australia gained legislative independence from the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom]] through the [[Statute of Westminster 1931]]. This came into force in Australia in 1942, but back dated to 3 September 1939. With the [[Royal Style and Titles Act 1953]], the Australian Parliament gave the Queen the title [[Queen of Australia]]. In 1973 her Australian title no longer included her status as Queen of the United Kingdom and [[Defender of the Faith]].
Section 61 of the Constitution says that 'The executive power of the Commonwealth is vested in the Queen and is exercisable by the Governor‑General as the Queen’s representative, and extends to the execution and maintenance of this Constitution, and of the laws of the Commonwealth'. Section 2 of the [[Constitution of Australia|Australian Constitution]] says that a [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] shall represent the Queen in Australia. In practice, the Governor-General carries out all the tasks usually done by a head of state, without asking the Queen.
The question of whether the Queen is Australia's head of state became a political one during the [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|1999 Australian republic referendum]], when opponents of the move to make Australia a republic claimed that Australia already had an Australian as head of state in the person of the Governor-General, who since 1965 has invariably been an Australian citizen. The former Governor-General, [[Michael Jeffery|Major General Michael Jeffery]], said in 2004: "Her Majesty is Australia's head of state but I am her representative and to all intents and purposes I carry out the full role." However, in 2005, he declined to name the Queen as head of state, instead saying in response to a direct question, "The Queen is the Monarch and I represent her, and I carry out all the functions of head of state."<ref>{{cite press release
| title = The Governor-General is Interviewed by Greg Turnbull on the Ten Network's Meet The Press | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date =2005-05-29 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=40 | accessdate = 2007-01-18}}</ref> The Governor-General represents Australia internationally, making and receiving State visits.<ref>{{cite press release | title = Media Release by the Prime Minister - Major General Jeffery as Australia's 24th Governor-General | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date = 2006-06-16 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=15 | accessdate = 2007-01-18 }} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite press release | title = Statement by the Governor-General - State Visit to China | publisher = Office of the Governor-General | date = 2005-10-07 | url = http://www.gg.gov.au/governorgeneral/news.php?action=view&id=34 | accessdate = 2007-01-18}} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
In 2009 Prime Minister [[Kevin Rudd]] called the Governor-General the Australian head of state. He said an overseas visit by Quentin Bryce "...to Africa of this scale by Australia's Head of State will express the seriousness of Australia's commitment".<ref>{{cite press release | title = Governor-General's Visit to Africa | publisher = Prime Minister of Australia | date = 6 March 2009 | url = http://www.pm.gov.au/node/5270 | accessdate = 30 November 2009 }} {{dead link|date=July 2012}}</ref>
Under the [[Westminster system]] the Governor-General's powers are almost always used on the advice of the Prime Minister or other ministers. The Governor-General retains [[reserve powers]] similar to those possessed by the Queen in the United Kingdom. These are rarely exercised, but during the [[1975 Australian constitutional crisis|Australian constitutional crisis of 1975]] Governor-General Sir [[John Kerr (Governor-General)|John Kerr]] used them independently of the Queen and the Prime Minister.
Several times people in Australia have wanted to remove the monarchy. In a [[Australian republic referendum, 1999|1999 referendum]], the Australian people voted on a proposal to change the Constitution. The proposal would have removed the [[Queen of Australia|Queen]] from the Constitution and replaced the [[Governor-General of Australia|Governor-General]] with a [[President]] nominated by the Prime Minister, but needing the approval of a two-thirds majority of both Houses of the Parliament. The proposal was defeated. The [[Australian Republican Movement]] continues to call for an end to the monarchy in Australia, opposed by [[Australians for Constitutional Monarchy]].
====Executive Council====
The Federal Executive Council consists of the Governor-General, the Prime Minister and Ministers. It is a formal body which exists to give legal effect to decisions made by the Cabinet, and to carry out various other functions. Members of the Executive Council are entitled to be styled "[[The Honourable]]", a title which they retain for life. The Governor-General usually [[President of the Executive Council|presides]] at Council meetings, but a Minister with the title [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]] serves as the link between the government and the Council.
====Cabinet====
The [[Constitution of Australia]] does not mention the [[Cabinet (government)|Cabinet]], and its decisions have no legal force. All members of the ministry must be sworn as members of the [[Federal Executive Council]]. This council is chaired by the Governor-General and which meets solely to approve and give legal force to decisions already made by the Cabinet. That is why there is always a member of the ministry holding the title [[Vice-President of the Executive Council]].
Until 1956 all members of the ministry were members of the Cabinet. With more ministers added in the 1940s and 1950s this made the cabinet too big. In 1956 [[Robert Menzies]] created a two level ministry, with only senior ministers in the Cabinet. These are known as the [[front bench]] because the sit on the front bench seats in the Parliament. This practice has been continued by all governments except the [[Gough Whitlam|Whitlam]] Government.
When the non-Labor parties have been in power, the Prime Minister has made all Cabinet and ministerial appointments. When the [[Liberal Party of Australia|Liberal Party]] and its predecessors (the [[Nationalist Party of Australia|Nationalist Party]] and the [[United Australia Party]]) have been in coalition with the [[National Party of Australia|National Party]] or its predecessor the [[National Party of Australia|Country Party]], the leader of the junior Coalition party has had the right decide his party's members of the Coalition ministry, and to work with the Prime Minister to give them their responsibilities.
When the [[Australian Labor Party|Labor]] first held office under [[Chris Watson]], Watson used the right to choose members of his Cabinet. In 1907, however, the party decided that future Labor Cabinets would be elected by the members of the Parliamentary Labor Party, the [[Caucus]]. The Prime Minister would allocate their responsibilities. The Labor Prime Ministers had a lot of influence over who was elected to Labor ministries, although the leaders small groups inside the party also had a lot of power. Prior to the [[Australian general election, 2007|2007 general election]], [[Kevin Rudd]], said that he and he alone would choose the ministry if he become Prime Minister. His party won the election and he chose the ministry, as he said he would.<ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/09/29/2046939.htm |title=Rudd seizes power from factions |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |date=2007-09-11 |first=Ben |last=Worsley}}</ref>
The cabinet meets not only in Canberra but also in other Australian state capitals, most often [[Sydney]] and [[Melbourne]]. Kevin Rudd said he wanted the Cabinet to meet in other places, such as major regional cities.<ref>{{cite news |title=Cutting bureaucracy won't hurt services: Rudd |url=http://www.abc.net.au/news/stories/2007/11/21/2097424.htm |publisher=Australian Broadcasting Corporation |work=News Online |date=2007-11-21 |accessdate=2007-11-28}}</ref> The [[Commonwealth Parliament Offices, Sydney|Commonwealth Parliament Offices]] in Sydney are located in [[Phillip Street, Sydney|Phillip Street]].
====Caretaker governments====
There are times when the government acts in a "caretaker" capacity, principally in the period prior to and immediately following a general election.
===Judiciary===
The Judiciary interprets the laws, using as a basis the laws as enacted and what was said in the Legislature while the laws were being passed.
* [[High Court of Australia]]
* [[Federal Court of Australia]]
* [[Family Court of Australia]]
* [[Federal Magistrates Court]]
==Related pages==
* [[Australian federal budget]]
* [[Australian Public Service]]
== References ==
=== Footnotes ===
{{Note|signing}} Before 1931, the junior status of dominions was shown in the fact that it was British ministers who advised the King, with dominion ministers, if they met the King at all, escorted by the constitutionally superior British minister. After 1931 all dominion ministers met the King as ''His'' ministers as of right, equal in Commonwealth status to Britain's ministers, meaning that there was no longer either a requirement for, or an acceptance of, the presence of British ministers. The first state to exercise this both symbolic and real independence was the [[Irish Free State]]. Australia and other dominions soon followed.
=== Citations ===
{{reflist}}
==Other websites==
* [http://www.australia.gov.au Australian Federal Government]
===Government departments===
<!--update after|2011|06|01|reason=Next Australian Government Election and possible Government changes. Please update the names and addresses of the departments listed by going to their websites, and then update the update-after date to a few months after the next Australin Government election.-->
* [http://www.dpmc.gov.au Department of Prime Minister and Cabinet]
* [http://www.daff.gov.au/ Department of Agriculture, Fisheries and Forestry]
* [http://www.ag.gov.au/ Attorney-General's Department]
* [http://www.defence.gov.au/ Department of Defence]
* [http://www.deewr.gov.au/ Department of Education, Employment and Workplace Relations]
* [http://www.environment.gov.au/ Department of the Environment, Water, Heritage and the Arts]
* [http://www.fahcsia.gov.au/ Department of Families, Housing, Community Services and Indigenous Affairs]
* [http://www.dfat.gov.au/ Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade]
* [http://www.health.gov.au/ Department of Health and Ageing]
* [http://www.immi.gov.au/ Department of Immigration and Citizenship]
* [http://www.humanservices.gov.au/ Department of Human Services]
* [http://www.innovation.gov.au/ The Department of Innovation, Industry, Science and Research]
* [http://www.infrastructure.gov.au/ Department of Infrastructure, Transport, Regional Development and Local Government]
* [http://www.treasury.gov.au/ The Treasury]
* [http://www.dva.gov.au/ Department of Veterans' Affairs]
[[Category:Government of Australia| ]]