Changes

'''Dark matter''' is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the [[mass]] in the [[universe]].

'''Dark matter''' is a type of matter thought to be responsible for much of the [[mass]] in the [[universe]].

The idea arose when astronomers found the mass of large astronomical objects got from their [[gravitational]] effects was much greater than the mass calculated from the "luminous matter" they contain: [[stars]], [[gas]], and [[dust]].

The idea arose when astronomers found that the mass of large astronomical objects, and their [[gravitational]] effects, was much greater than the mass from the "luminous matter" that contains [[stars]], [[gas]], and [[dust]].

Dark matter was first proposed by [[Jan Oort]] in 1932 to account for the orbital velocities of stars in the [[Milky Way]]. [[Fritz Zwicky]] in 1933 used it to account for evidence of "missing mass" in the orbital velocities of [[galaxy|galaxies]] in [[galaxy cluster|clusters]]. Later, many other observations have suggested the presence of dark matter in the universe. The rotational speeds of galaxies,<ref>[http://www.darkmatterphysics.com/Galactic-rotation-curves-of-spiral-galaxies.htm First observational evidence of dark matter]. Darkmatterphysics.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2013.</ref> [[gravitational lensing]] of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the reasons.

Dark matter was first proposed by [[Jan Oort]] in 1932 as a reason for the spinning speeds of stars in the [[Milky Way]]. [[Fritz Zwicky]] in 1933 used dark matter to explain "missing mass" in the spinning speeds of [[galaxy|galaxies]] in [[galaxy cluster|clusters]]. Later, many other observations have suggested that there is dark matter in the universe. The spinning speeds of galaxies,<ref>[http://www.darkmatterphysics.com/Galactic-rotation-curves-of-spiral-galaxies.htm First observational evidence of dark matter]. Darkmatterphysics.com. Retrieved on 6 August 2013.</ref> [[gravitational lensing]] of background objects, the temperature distribution of hot gas in galaxies and clusters of galaxies: these are some of the examples that make scientists believe in dark matter.

According to the [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|Planck mission team]], and based on the [[standard model of cosmology]], the total [[Mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] of the [[observable universe|known universe]] contains 4.9% [[Baryon#Baryonic matter|ordinary matter]], 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% [[dark energy]].<ref name="planck_overview">{{cite journal|first1=P.A.R. |last1=Ade |first2=N. |last2=Aghanim |first3=C. |last3=Armitage-Caplan |last4=''et al''. (Planck Collaboration) |title=Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results&nbsp;– Table 9 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=1303 |pages=5062|url=http://www.sciops.esa.int/index.php?project=PLANCK&page=Planck_Published_Papers |date= 2013 |arxiv=1303.5062|bibcode = 2013arXiv1303.5062P|displayauthors=30}}</ref><ref name="wmap7parameters">{{cite web|title = First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting|url =http://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/|author=Francis, Matthew |date= 2013|work=Arstechnica}}</ref> Thus, dark matter is estimated to constitute 84.5% <!--26.8/(4.9 + 26.8)--> of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter constitute 95.1% of the total content of the universe.<ref name=planckcam>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/planck-captures-portrait-of-the-young-universe-revealing-earliest-light |title=Planck captures portrait of the young Universe, revealing earliest light |date= 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge  |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref name = DarkMatter>Sean Carroll, Ph.D., Cal Tech, 2007, The Teaching Company, ''Dark Matter, Dark Energy: The Dark Side of the Universe'', Guidebook Part 2 page 46, Accessed Oct. 7, 2013, "...dark matter: An invisible, essentially collisionless component of matter that makes up about 25 percent of the energy density of the universe... it's a different kind of particle... something not yet observed in the laboratory..."</ref>

According to the [[Planck (spacecraft)#2013 data release|Planck mission team]], and based on the [[standard model of cosmology]], the total [[Mass–energy equivalence|mass–energy]] of the [[observable universe|known universe]] contains 4.9% [[Baryon#Baryonic matter|ordinary matter]], 26.8% dark matter and 68.3% [[dark energy]].<ref name="planck_overview">{{cite journal|first1=P.A.R. |last1=Ade |first2=N. |last2=Aghanim |first3=C. |last3=Armitage-Caplan |last4=''et al''. (Planck Collaboration) |title=Planck 2013 results. I. Overview of products and scientific results&nbsp;– Table 9 |journal=Astronomy and Astrophysics|volume=1303 |pages=5062|url=http://www.sciops.esa.int/index.php?project=PLANCK&page=Planck_Published_Papers |date= 2013 |arxiv=1303.5062|bibcode = 2013arXiv1303.5062P|displayauthors=30}}</ref><ref name="wmap7parameters">{{cite web|title = First Planck results: the Universe is still weird and interesting|url =https://arstechnica.com/science/2013/03/first-planck-results-the-universe-is-still-weird-and-interesting/|author=Francis, Matthew |date= 2013|work=Arstechnica}}</ref> Thus, dark matter is estimated to make up 84.5% <!--26.8/(4.9 + 26.8)--> of the total matter in the universe, while dark energy plus dark matter make up 95.1% of the total "stuff" in the universe.<ref name=planckcam>{{cite web |url=http://www.cam.ac.uk/research/news/planck-captures-portrait-of-the-young-universe-revealing-earliest-light |title=Planck captures portrait of the young Universe, revealing earliest light |date= 2013 |publisher=University of Cambridge  |accessdate=22 March 2013}}</ref><ref>Ferris, Timothy. 2015. Dark Matter. ''National Geographic''. [http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2015/01/hidden-cosmos/ferris-text]</ref>

   

   

Because dark matter does not seem to [[emission|give off]] or reflect [[light]], [[x-ray]]s, or any other [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]], the instruments which can find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) are unable to find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see everyday on Earth. The only way we can tell it is there is by how it affects things we can see by gravity.

Because dark matter does not seem to give off or reflect [[light]], [[x-ray]]s, or any other [[electromagnetic radiation|radiation]], the instruments that are used to find normal matter (like hot gas, stars, planets, and us) can't find dark matter. It seems that dark matter is not made of the same thing as the matter we see every day on Earth. The only way we can tell if dark matter is there, is by how it affects things we can "see" by gravity.

 

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed that they had found a way to find dark matter.<ref>Amos, Jonathan 2006. Dark matter comes out of the cold. BBC News [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/sci/tech/4679220.stm].</ref><ref name="stanford">{{cite journal|title=Dark matter observed|url=http://home.slac.stanford.edu/pressreleases/2006/20060821.htm}}</ref> Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. The scientists observed two far-away [[galaxy cluster]]s that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have been scattered nearby after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity, they were able to detect what looked like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

In 2006, a group of scientists claimed they had found a way to observe dark matter.<ref name="stanford">{{cite journal|title=Dark matter observed|url=http://home.slac.stanford.edu/pressreleases/2006/20060821.htm}}</ref> Since dark matter is supposedly very different from normal matter, it is expected to act differently. They observed two [[galaxy cluster]]s that had crashed into each other at high speed: normal matter would have got stuck behind after the collision, while dark matter would not. By measuring gravity they were able to detect what looks like two clouds of dark matter, with a cloud of normal matter (hot gas) in between them.

== Related pages ==

* [[Dark energy]]

* [[Template:Nature timeline|Nature timeline]]

== References ==

== References ==