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The '''history of Ireland''' is the story of its past. [[Ireland]] is now divided into the [[Republic of Ireland]], and [[Northern Ireland]] which is part of the [[United Kingdom]]. People began farming on Ireland thousands of years ago. The [[Celts]] moved there about 2,500 years ago. Ireland was divided into many small kingdoms. When [[Christians]] arrived, most Irish people became Christian. The [[Vikings]] and later the [[Normans]] invaded in the [[Middle Ages]]. Eventually, Ireland became part of the [[United Kingdom]], with [[Great Britain]]. In the 1920s, most of Ireland became a separate country, but Northern Ireland stayed in the United Kingdom.
The '''History of Ireland''' is the story of its past. [[Ireland]] is now divided into the [[Republic of Ireland]], and [[Northern Ireland]] which is part of the [[United Kingdom]]. People began farming on Ireland thousands of years ago. The [[Celts]] moved there about 2,500 years ago. Ireland was divided into many small kingdoms. When [[Christians]] arrived, most Irish people became Christian. The [[Vikings]] and later the [[English]] invaded in the [[Middle Ages]]. Eventually, Ireland became part of the [[United Kingdom]], with [[Great Britain]]. In the 1920s, most of Ireland became a separate country, but Northern Ireland stayed in the United Kingdom.
== Prehistory ==
== Prehistory ==
Nobody knows exactly when the first people came to Ireland. Using [[radiometric dating]], scientists found that a [[bear]] bone with knife marks was 12,500 years old. It is likely that people lived in Ireland then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35863186|title=Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland|date=2016-03-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> By 7900 BCE, [[hunter-gatherer]]s (people who ate wild plants and animals) lived in Ireland. This time was called the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Driscoll|first=Killian|date=2006|title=The Mesolithic and Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Ireland chapter 3|url=https://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_3.html}}</ref> Around 4000 BCE, they started making [[Farming|farms]] with animals and plants. They made [[pottery]], stone tools, wood houses, and large [[Tomb|tombs]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41404387|title=Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland|last=Cooney, Gabriel.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-16976-3|location=New York|oclc=41404387}}</ref> The [[Bronze Age]] started around 2500 BCE. People learned to make things out of [[Metal|metals]] like [[bronze]], [[gold]], and [[copper]], but it was mostly only rich people who had them. People also started [[weaving]] and working with [[leather]]. Large rooms were built to store metal weapons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://microsites.museum.ie/BronzeAgeHandlingBox/bronze-age.html|title=The Irish Bronze Age {{!}} National Museum of Ireland {{!}} Bronze Age Handling Box|website=microsites.museum.ie|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> The [[Iron Age]] started around 600 BCE or earlier, when people started making [[iron]] tools. During the Iron Age, [[Celts]] came to Ireland, so they started speaking [[Celtic languages]]. The Celts brought their style of art with them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51942607|title=Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland : Irish antiquities|last=National Museum of Ireland.|date=2002|publisher=Gill & Macmillan in association with the Boyne Valley Honey Co|others=Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall.|isbn=0-7171-2829-6|location=Dublin|oclc=51942607}}</ref> Between 1 and 400 CE, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] soldiers may have invaded Ireland, but Ireland did not join the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/11/roman-contacts-with-ireland/|title=Roman contacts with Ireland {{!}} Irish Archaeology|website=irisharchaeology.ie|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> About five [[king]]s each ruled a large part of Ireland.<ref name="macneill phases">{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48952/48952-h/48952-h.htm|title=Phases of Irish History|last=MacNeill|first=Eoin|publisher=|year=1920|isbn=|location=Dublin|pages=98-132}}</ref>
Nobody knows exactly when the first people came to Ireland. Using [[radiometric dating]], scientists found that a [[bear]] bone with knife marks was 12,500 years old. It is likely that people lived in Ireland then.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/science-environment-35863186|title=Earliest evidence of humans in Ireland|date=2016-03-21|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-05|language=en-GB}}</ref> By 7900 BCE, [[hunter-gatherer]]s (people who ate wild plants and animals) lived in Ireland. This time was called the [[Stone Age]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Driscoll|first=Killian|date=2006|title=The Mesolithic and Mesolithic-Neolithic transition in Ireland chapter 3|url=https://lithicsireland.ie/mlitt_mesolithic_west_ireland_chap_3.html}}</ref> Around 4000 BCE, they started making [[Farming|farms]] with animals and plants. They made [[pottery]], stone tools, wood houses, and large [[Tomb|tombs]].<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/41404387|title=Landscapes of Neolithic Ireland|last=Cooney, Gabriel.|date=2000|publisher=Routledge|isbn=0-415-16976-3|location=New York|oclc=41404387}}</ref> The [[Bronze Age]] started around 2500 BCE. People learned to make things out of [[Metal|metals]] like [[bronze]], [[gold]], and [[copper]], but it was mostly only rich people who had them. People also started [[weaving]] and working with [[leather]]. Large rooms were built to store metal weapons.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://microsites.museum.ie/BronzeAgeHandlingBox/bronze-age.html|title=The Irish Bronze Age {{!}} National Museum of Ireland {{!}} Bronze Age Handling Box|website=microsites.museum.ie|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> The [[Iron Age]] started around 600 BCE or earlier, when people started making [[iron]] tools. During the Iron Age, [[Celts]] came to Ireland, so they started speaking [[Celtic languages]]. The Celts brought their style of art with them.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/51942607|title=Treasures of the National Museum of Ireland : Irish antiquities|last=National Museum of Ireland.|date=2002|publisher=Gill & Macmillan in association with the Boyne Valley Honey Co|others=Wallace, Patrick F., O'Floinn, Raghnall.|isbn=0-7171-2829-6|location=Dublin|oclc=51942607}}</ref> Between 1 and 400 CE, [[Roman Empire|Roman]] soldiers may have invaded Ireland, but Ireland did not join the Roman Empire.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://irisharchaeology.ie/2011/11/roman-contacts-with-ireland/|title=Roman contacts with Ireland {{!}} Irish Archaeology|website=irisharchaeology.ie|access-date=2020-05-05}}</ref> About five [[king]]s each ruled a large part of Ireland.<ref name="macneill phases">{{Cite book|url=https://www.gutenberg.org/files/48952/48952-h/48952-h.htm|title=Phases of Irish History|last=MacNeill|first=Eoin|year=1920|location=Dublin|pages=98-132}}</ref>
== Early medieval era ==
== Early medieval era ==
In the 300s CE, [[Christianity]] and [[writing]] were both brought to Ireland. [[Saint Patrick]] was famous for spreading Christianity in Ireland in the 400s, but he was not the first Christian in Ireland. For the next 300-400 years, more Irish people became Christian. Christian [[monk]]s from other countries came to Irish [[Monastery|monasteries]]. Some monasteries grew into towns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960040458|title=Early medieval Ireland, 400-1200|last=Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí.|isbn=1-317-19270-2|edition=Second edition|location=New York|oclc=960040458}}</ref> The main buildings from 400-800 CE were round forts (raths or ringforts) made of dirt, with houses inside.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynn|first=Chris|date=Summer 2003|title=Ireland in the Iron Age: A Basket Case?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20562668|journal=Archaeology Ireland|volume=17|pages=20-23|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Most of the [[forest]]s were cut down to make farms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60660189|title=A new history of Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore W.|last2=Martin|first2=Francis X.|last3=Byrne|first3=Francis J.|last4=Cosgrove|first4=Art|date=|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|isbn=0-19-821737-4|location=Oxford [England]|pages=|oclc=60660189}}</ref> There were some new [[kingdom]]s in this time. The kingdom of Uí Néill in north Ireland took over the area called Tara, then ruled over all the other kingdoms. They were called the high kings.<ref name="macneill phases" />
In the 300s CE, [[Christianity]] and [[writing]] were both brought to Ireland. [[Saint Patrick]] was famous for spreading Christianity in Ireland in the 400s, but he was not the first Christian in Ireland. For the next 300-400 years, more Irish people became Christian. Christian [[monk]]s from other countries came to Irish [[Monastery|monasteries]]. Some monasteries grew into towns.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/960040458|title=Early medieval Ireland, 400-1200|last=Ó Cróinín, Dáibhí.|isbn=1-317-19270-2|edition=Second edition|location=New York|oclc=960040458}}</ref> The main buildings from 400-800 CE were round forts (raths or ringforts) made of dirt, with houses inside.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Lynn|first=Chris|date=Summer 2003|title=Ireland in the Iron Age: A Basket Case?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20562668|journal=Archaeology Ireland|volume=17|pages=20-23|via=JSTOR}}</ref> Most of the [[forest]]s were cut down to make farms.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/60660189|title=A new history of Ireland|last=Moody|first=Theodore W.|last2=Martin|first2=Francis X.|last3=Byrne|first3=Francis J.|last4=Cosgrove|first4=Art|publisher=Clarendon Press|year=1976|isbn=0-19-821737-4|location=Oxford [England]|oclc=60660189}}</ref> There were some new [[kingdom]]s in this time. The kingdom of Uí Néill in north Ireland took over the area called Tara, then ruled over all the other kingdoms. They were called the high kings.<ref name="macneill phases" />
[[File:Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Gallowglasses — Irish warriors whose ancestors were Vikings]]
[[File:Galloglass-circa-1521.jpg|thumb|289x289px|Gallowglasses — Irish warriors whose ancestors were Vikings]]
By 800 almost everyone was Christian.<ref>{{cite book|title = Calendar of Irish saints, the martyrology of Tallagh, with notices of the patron saints of Ireland, and select poems and hymns | author = Matthew Kelly | publisher = J. Mullany | date = 1857 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wbUCAAAAQAAJ |quote = pagan. | via = Internet Archive }}</ref> They were called Gaels and they spoke the [[Gaelic language]]. In 795, the [[Vikings]], [[Sailor|sailors]] from [[Scandinavia]], invaded and stole from many towns. The Vikings ruled over Irish kings. They built [[Dublin]] and other cities and towns on the coast. In 902 the Christian Irish armies pushed out the Vikings, but in 917 the Vikings came back to start a new kingdom of Dublin. Over time, Vikings started new kingdoms. In the 1000s and 1100s, the Vikings either left or became part of Irish culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Corráin|first=Donnchadh|date=1998|title=Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century|url=https://celt.ucc.ie//Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdf|journal=Peritia|volume=12|pages=296-339|via=}}</ref>
By 800 almost everyone was Christian.<ref>{{cite book|title = Calendar of Irish saints, the martyrology of Tallagh, with notices of the patron saints of Ireland, and select poems and hymns | author = Matthew Kelly | publisher = J. Mullany | date = 1857 | url = https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_wbUCAAAAQAAJ |quote = pagan. | via = Internet Archive }}</ref> They were called Gaels and they spoke the [[Gaelic language]]. In 795, the [[Vikings]], [[Sailor|sailors]] from [[Scandinavia]], invaded and stole from many towns. The Vikings ruled over Irish kings. They built [[Dublin]] and other cities and towns on the coast. In 902 the Christian Irish armies pushed out the Vikings, but in 917 the Vikings came back to start a new kingdom of Dublin. Over time, Vikings started new kingdoms. In the 1000s and 1100s, the Vikings either left or became part of Irish culture.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Corráin|first=Donnchadh|date=1998|title=Vikings in Ireland and Scotland in the Ninth Century|url=https://celt.ucc.ie//Vikings%20in%20Scotland%20and%20Ireland.pdf|journal=Peritia|volume=12|pages=296-339}}</ref>
Brian Boru, a King of Munster, fought against Leinster and became the high king in the early 1000s. After that, high kings came from the four provinces: [[Munster]], [[Leinster]], [[Ulster]], and [[Connacht]]. Each province also had its own king.<ref name="campbell irelands">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/900416071|title=Ireland's history : prehistory to the present|last=Campbell|first=Kenneth L.|publisher=|year=|isbn=978-1-4725-6782-6|location=|pages=Ch. 4|nopp=y|oclc=900416071}}</ref>
Brian Boru, a King of Munster, fought against Leinster and became the high king in the early 1000s. After that, high kings came from the four provinces: [[Munster]], [[Leinster]], [[Ulster]], and [[Connacht]]. Each province also had its own king.<ref name="campbell irelands">{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/900416071|title=Ireland's history : prehistory to the present|last=Campbell|first=Kenneth L.|isbn=978-1-4725-6782-6|pages=Ch. 4|no-pp=y|oclc=900416071}}</ref>
== Norman era ==
== Norman era ==
In the 1100s, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair was the high king. He forced Diarmaid Mac Murchada, the king of Leinster, to leave his kingdom. Diarmaid asked [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], a [[Normandy|Norman]] king of [[England]], to help him get his land back. Henry agreed, so an army of Norman (and [[Wales|Welsh]]) knights invaded Ireland in 1167.<ref name="campbell irelands" /> Richard de Clare, called Strongbow, led the knights. Henry thought the Norman knights and Strongbow were too powerful, so he decided to take over Ireland. He traveled to Ireland with his own fleet in 1171. Henry conquered Ireland and gave it to his youngest son [[John of England|John]]. Henry thought John would never be king of England, so he made John Lord of Ireland. But John became king of England in 1199 after all his brothers died. After that, Ireland was ruled by the English king. Norman lords from England started taking over more of Ireland. They mostly lived near the east and south coasts, and some land was still ruled by Irish kings.
In the 1100s, Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair was the high king. He forced Diarmaid Mac Murchada, the king of Leinster, to leave his kingdom. Diarmaid asked [[Henry II of England|Henry II]], a [[Normandy|Norman]] king of [[England]], to help him get his land back. Henry agreed, so an army of Norman (and [[Wales|Welsh]]) knights invaded Ireland in 1167.<ref name="campbell irelands" /> Richard de Clare, called Strongbow, led the knights. Henry thought the Norman knights and Strongbow were too powerful, so he decided to take over Ireland. He traveled to Ireland with his own fleet in 1171. Henry conquered Ireland and gave it to his youngest son [[John of England|John]]. Henry thought John would never be king of England, so he made John Lord of Ireland. But John became king of England in 1199 after all his brothers died. After that, Ireland was ruled by the English king. Norman lords from England started taking over more of Ireland. They mostly lived near the east and south coasts, and some land was still ruled by Irish kings.
The Norman lords built new castles and towns in their land.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norman invasion of Ireland|last=Roche|first=Richard|publisher=|year=1970|isbn=9780947962814|location=|pages=}}</ref> Many people came from England to Ireland for more land. The English, Norman, or Anglo-Norman lords broke up land into areas called [[Manorialism|manors]]. They put fences around farms so everyone would know who owned the farm. Farms were made better so they could grow more in a smaller area. The Anglo-Normans planted more [[wheat]] and raised more [[sheep]]. The [[population]] grew quickly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maple|first=John T.|date=November 1989|title=Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland and the Irish Economy: Stagnation or Stimulation?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447603|journal=The Historian|volume=52|pages=61-81|via=JSTOR}}</ref> In 1297, Anglo-Normans started the [[Irish Parliament]], a gathering to make laws.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-06-18|title=750th anniversary of 1st 'Irish parliament' marked|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0618/624735-irish-parliament/|language=en}}</ref>
The Norman lords built new castles and towns in their land.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Norman invasion of Ireland|last=Roche|first=Richard|year=1970|isbn=9780947962814}}</ref> Many people came from England to Ireland for more land. The English, Norman, or Anglo-Norman lords broke up land into areas called [[Manorialism|manors]]. They put fences around farms so everyone would know who owned the farm. Farms were made better so they could grow more in a smaller area. The Anglo-Normans planted more [[wheat]] and raised more [[sheep]]. The [[population]] grew quickly.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Maple|first=John T.|date=November 1989|title=Anglo-Norman Conquest of Ireland and the Irish Economy: Stagnation or Stimulation?|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/24447603|journal=The Historian|volume=52|pages=61-81|via=JSTOR}}</ref> In 1297, Anglo-Normans started the [[Irish Parliament]], a gathering to make laws.<ref>{{Cite journal|date=2014-06-18|title=750th anniversary of 1st 'Irish parliament' marked|url=https://www.rte.ie/news/2014/0618/624735-irish-parliament/|language=en}}</ref>
The Gaelic Irish often tried to take control from the Anglo-Normans. In 1315, Edward Bruce, a lord from [[Scotland]], allied with the Irish to fight the Anglo-Normans. In 1318 the Anglo-Normans won the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyireland.com/medieval-history-pre-1500/the-bruce-invasions-of-ireland-11/|title=The Bruce Invasions of Ireland|date=2013-01-22|website=History Ireland|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> But the Anglo-Norman rulers became weaker. By 1500, England only controlled a small part of eastern Ireland, called the Pale. In the rest of Ireland, people spoke [[Irish language|Irish]] and had Irish culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558|title=Culture & Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494-1558.|last=Jefferies|first=Henry A.|date=|website=University College Cork, Ireland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173828/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558|archive-date=6 Apr 2008|dead-url=|access-date=}}</ref>
The Gaelic Irish often tried to take control from the Anglo-Normans. In 1315, Edward Bruce, a lord from [[Scotland]], allied with the Irish to fight the Anglo-Normans. In 1318 the Anglo-Normans won the war.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.historyireland.com/medieval-history-pre-1500/the-bruce-invasions-of-ireland-11/|title=The Bruce Invasions of Ireland|date=2013-01-22|website=History Ireland|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref> But the Anglo-Norman rulers became weaker. By 1500, England only controlled a small part of eastern Ireland, called the Pale. In the rest of Ireland, people spoke [[Irish language|Irish]] and had Irish culture.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558|title=Culture & Religion in Tudor Ireland, 1494-1558.|last=Jefferies|first=Henry A.|website=University College Cork, Ireland|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080416173828/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Culture__Religion_in_Tudor_Ireland_1494-1558|archive-date=6 Apr 2008}}</ref>
== Modern Ireland ==
== Modern Ireland ==
Most of the Irish people were [[Catholicism|Catholic]]. The settlers were mostly [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. In [[Ulster]], the largest plantation, settlers were mostly [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] from [[Scotland]]. In the other provinces, the settlers were mostly [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] from England. English kings and the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] wanted the Irish people to be Anglican. They made the [[Church of Ireland]], a branch of the Anglican Church. The Penal Laws of the 1600s punished Irish people who did not follow the Church of Ireland. The Anglicans grew more powerful. This time was called the Protestant Ascendancy. That was the end of Gaelic Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestryireland.com/history-of-the-irish-parliament/background-to-the-statutes/religion/|title=Religion|website=Ulster Historical Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>
Most of the Irish people were [[Catholicism|Catholic]]. The settlers were mostly [[Protestantism|Protestant]]. In [[Ulster]], the largest plantation, settlers were mostly [[Presbyterianism|Presbyterians]] from [[Scotland]]. In the other provinces, the settlers were mostly [[Anglicanism|Anglicans]] from England. English kings and the [[Parliament of England|English Parliament]] wanted the Irish people to be Anglican. They made the [[Church of Ireland]], a branch of the Anglican Church. The Penal Laws of the 1600s punished Irish people who did not follow the Church of Ireland. The Anglicans grew more powerful. This time was called the Protestant Ascendancy. That was the end of Gaelic Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ancestryireland.com/history-of-the-irish-parliament/background-to-the-statutes/religion/|title=Religion|website=Ulster Historical Foundation|language=en-US|access-date=2020-05-06}}</ref>
In the 1700s, the Catholic people of Ireland were poor [[Peasant|peasants]]. They mostly ate potatoes, and they were not allowed to own land. There were [[Rebellion|rebellions]] against [[Landlord|landlords]] and English rule, but they mostly failed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofireland02leckuoft|title=A history of Ireland in the eighteenth century|last=Lecky|first=William E. H.|publisher=|year=1896|isbn=|location=|pages=1-51}}</ref> In 1801, the [[Act of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] joined [[Ireland]] with [[Great Britain]], forming the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (UK). The Irish parliament became part of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom parliament]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biletz|first=Frank A.|date=1997|title=Alan J. Ward: The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782-1992|url=https://www.academia.edu/917622/The_Irish_Constitutional_Tradition_Responsible_Government_and_Modern_Ireland_1782-1992|journal=Law and History Review|volume=|pages=|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506221206/https://www.academia.edu/917622/The_Irish_Constitutional_Tradition_Responsible_Government_and_Modern_Ireland_1782-1992|archive-date=6 May 2020|via=academia.edu}}</ref>
In the 1700s, the Catholic people of Ireland were poor [[Peasant|peasants]]. They mostly ate potatoes, and they were not allowed to own land. There were [[Rebellion|rebellions]] against [[Landlord|landlords]] and English rule, but they mostly failed.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/historyofireland02leckuoft|title=A history of Ireland in the eighteenth century|last=Lecky|first=William E. H.|year=1896|pages=1-51}}</ref> In 1801, the [[Act of Union 1800|Acts of Union]] joined [[Ireland]] with [[Great Britain]], forming the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland]] (UK). The Irish parliament became part of the [[Parliament of the United Kingdom|United Kingdom parliament]] in [[London]].<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Biletz|first=Frank A.|date=1997|title=Alan J. Ward: The Irish Constitutional Tradition: Responsible Government and Modern Ireland, 1782-1992|url=https://www.academia.edu/917622/The_Irish_Constitutional_Tradition_Responsible_Government_and_Modern_Ireland_1782-1992|journal=Law and History Review|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200506221206/https://www.academia.edu/917622/The_Irish_Constitutional_Tradition_Responsible_Government_and_Modern_Ireland_1782-1992|archive-date=6 May 2020|via=academia.edu}}</ref>
In 1831, the government forced primary schools to teach in [[English language|English]], not Irish. Children were punished if they spoke Irish in school. People had to speak English if they wanted a good [[job]]. From 1845-1849, a disease killed potato plants, which caused the Great Famine, or the [[Irish Potato Famine]]. About a [[million]] people [[Starvation|starved]] to death, and a million more [[Emigration|moved to other countries]]. The famine hurt Irish speakers the most, because they were poor. More people switched from speaking Irish to English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Ceallaigh|first=T.J.|last2=Ní Dhonnabháin|first2=Áine|date=2015|title=Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1085869.pdf|journal=International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education|volume=8(2)|pages=179-198|via=}}</ref> Some say people starved because crops in Ireland were [[Export|sold to other countries]]. These crops could have fed people in Ireland. Many Irish people were forced to leave their land because they could not pay rent to the landlords. Some had to work in [[factories]] set up by the government, because of the Irish Poor Laws. From the 1870s to the 1890s, there was violence between the Land League and the government. The Land League wanted lower rent and they wanted to buy land.<ref name="allen ch 1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19b9jw1|title=1916: Ireland's Revolutionary Tradition|last=Allen|first=Kieran|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2016|isbn=9780745336374|location=London|pages=1-26}}</ref>
In 1831, the government forced primary schools to teach in [[English language|English]], not Irish. Children were punished if they spoke Irish in school. People had to speak English if they wanted a good [[job]]. From 1845-1849, a disease killed potato plants, which caused the Great Famine, or the [[Irish Potato Famine]]. About a [[million]] people [[Starvation|starved]] to death, and a million more [[Emigration|moved to other countries]]. The famine hurt Irish speakers the most, because they were poor. More people switched from speaking Irish to English.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ó Ceallaigh|first=T.J.|last2=Ní Dhonnabháin|first2=Áine|date=2015|title=Reawakening the Irish Language through the Irish Education System: Challenges and Priorities|url=https://files.eric.ed.gov/fulltext/EJ1085869.pdf|journal=International Electronic Journal of Elementary Education|volume=8(2)|pages=179-198}}</ref> Some say people starved because crops in Ireland were [[Export|sold to other countries]]. These crops could have fed people in Ireland. Many Irish people were forced to leave their land because they could not pay rent to the landlords. Some had to work in [[factories]] set up by the government, because of the Irish Poor Laws. From the 1870s to the 1890s, there was violence between the Land League and the government. The Land League wanted lower rent and they wanted to buy land.<ref name="allen ch 1">{{Cite book|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/j.ctt19b9jw1|title=1916: Ireland's Revolutionary Tradition|last=Allen|first=Kieran|publisher=Pluto Press|year=2016|isbn=9780745336374|location=London|pages=1-26}}</ref>
== Efforts for freedom ==
== Efforts for freedom ==
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the British government made it easier for Irish people to buy land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guinnane|first=Timothy W.|last2=Miller|first2=Ronald I.|date=1997|title=The Limits to Land Reform: The Land Acts in Ireland, 1870–1909*|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/452292|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=45|issue=3|pages=591–612|doi=10.1086/452292|issn=0013-0079}}</ref> In 1886 the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] tried to make a new parliament for Ireland. This idea was called [[Irish Home Rule|Home Rule]]. However, Parliament did not allow Ireland to have Home Rule. Around 1900, Irish people were split into Nationalists, who wanted Home Rule or [[independence]], and Unionists, who wanted to be ruled by Britain. Nationalists were mostly Catholics who lived in [[rural area]]s. Unionists were mostly Protestants who lived in cities. The Unionists worried they would lose their [[rights]] if Ireland had its own government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/home_rule_movement_01.shtml|title=BBC - History - British History in depth: Irish Home Rule: An imagined future|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> In some parts of Ireland, Unionists were mostly rich. But in Ulster, many Unionists were workers who wanted the [[upper class]] to have less power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1102734362|title=Two Irelands beyond the sea : Ulster unionism and America, 1880-1920|last=Flewelling, Lindsey, author.|first=|publisher=|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78962-936-1|location=|pages=|oclc=1102734362}}</ref>
In the late 1800s and early 1900s, the British government made it easier for Irish people to buy land.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Guinnane|first=Timothy W.|last2=Miller|first2=Ronald I.|date=1997|title=The Limits to Land Reform: The Land Acts in Ireland, 1870–1909*|url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/10.1086/452292|journal=Economic Development and Cultural Change|volume=45|issue=3|pages=591–612|doi=10.1086/452292|issn=0013-0079}}</ref> In 1886 the [[Liberal Party (UK)|Liberal Party]] tried to make a new parliament for Ireland. This idea was called [[Irish Home Rule|Home Rule]]. However, Parliament did not allow Ireland to have Home Rule. Around 1900, Irish people were split into Nationalists, who wanted Home Rule or [[independence]], and Unionists, who wanted to be ruled by Britain. Nationalists were mostly Catholics who lived in [[rural area]]s. Unionists were mostly Protestants who lived in cities. The Unionists worried they would lose their [[rights]] if Ireland had its own government.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.bbc.co.uk/history/british/victorians/home_rule_movement_01.shtml|title=BBC - History - British History in depth: Irish Home Rule: An imagined future|website=www.bbc.co.uk|language=en-GB|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> In some parts of Ireland, Unionists were mostly rich. But in Ulster, many Unionists were workers who wanted the [[upper class]] to have less power.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1102734362|title=Two Irelands beyond the sea : Ulster unionism and America, 1880-1920|last=Flewelling, Lindsey, author.|year=2018|isbn=978-1-78962-936-1|oclc=1102734362}}</ref>
In 1912 some people in Parliament tried again to get Home Rule. About 500,000 Unionists in Ulster signed a [[petition]] against Home Rule called the Ulster Convenant. They also formed an [[army]] called the Ulster Volunteers. Irish Nationalists formed an army called the Irish Volunteers. By 1914, the government was too worried about [[World War I]] to think about Home Rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/about-ulster-covenant|title=About the Ulster Covenant|date=2015-12-01|website=nidirect|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Both Nationalists and Unionists fought in British military units in World War I.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203829|title=Belfast Boys : how Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together in the First World War|last=Grayson, Richard S., 1969-|date=2009|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-84725-008-7|location=London|oclc=277203829}}</ref>
In 1912 some people in Parliament tried again to get Home Rule. About 500,000 Unionists in Ulster signed a [[petition]] against Home Rule called the Ulster Convenant. They also formed an [[army]] called the Ulster Volunteers. Irish Nationalists formed an army called the Irish Volunteers. By 1914, the government was too worried about [[World War I]] to think about Home Rule.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nidirect.gov.uk/articles/about-ulster-covenant|title=About the Ulster Covenant|date=2015-12-01|website=nidirect|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> Both Nationalists and Unionists fought in British military units in World War I.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/277203829|title=Belfast Boys : how Unionists and Nationalists fought and died together in the First World War|last=Grayson, Richard S., 1969-|date=2009|publisher=Continuum|isbn=978-1-84725-008-7|location=London|oclc=277203829}}</ref>
== After division ==
== After division ==
Northern Ireland was governed by the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] from 1922-1972. James Craig, its first prime minister, said it was a Protestant country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction|last=Paseta|first=Senia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780192801678|location=|pages=102-104}}</ref> The Irish Free State got a new constitution in 1937, which created [[Government of Ireland|its government]]. In 1949, Ireland left the [[British Commonwealth]] and became the [[Republic of Ireland]] (sometimes just called Ireland).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/70-years-since-ireland-became-a-republic-4597795-Apr2019/|title=Today marks 70 years since Ireland became a republic|last=Aodha|first=Gráinne Ní|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> In 1969, violence was growing in Northern Ireland between the Nationalist Catholics and Unionist Protestants. The [[Provisional IRA]] formed to defend Catholics and unite Ireland. From 1969 until 1998, there was constant fighting ([[The Troubles]]) between the Provisional IRA and the UK Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://origins.osu.edu/milestones/december-2019-provisional-irish-republican-army|title=History Milestone: The Provisional Irish Republican Army|website=origins.osu.edu|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>
Northern Ireland was governed by the [[Ulster Unionist Party]] from 1922-1972. James Craig, its first prime minister, said it was a Protestant country.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Modern Ireland: A Very Short Introduction|url=https://archive.org/details/modernirelandver00pase|last=Paseta|first=Senia|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2003|isbn=9780192801678|pages=[https://archive.org/details/modernirelandver00pase/page/102 102]-104}}</ref> The Irish Free State got a new constitution in 1937, which created [[Government of Ireland|its government]]. In 1949, Ireland left the [[British Commonwealth]] and became the [[Republic of Ireland]] (sometimes just called Ireland).<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.thejournal.ie/70-years-since-ireland-became-a-republic-4597795-Apr2019/|title=Today marks 70 years since Ireland became a republic|last=Aodha|first=Gráinne Ní|website=TheJournal.ie|language=en|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref> In 1969, violence was growing in Northern Ireland between the Nationalist Catholics and Unionist Protestants. The [[Provisional IRA]] formed to defend Catholics and unite Ireland. From 1969 until 1998, there was constant fighting ([[The Troubles]]) between the Provisional IRA and the UK Army.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://origins.osu.edu/milestones/december-2019-provisional-irish-republican-army|title=History Milestone: The Provisional Irish Republican Army|website=origins.osu.edu|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref>
[[File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg|thumb|244x244px|The Irish Republican Army [[Bomb|bombed]] the Grand Brighton Hotel in 1984, during The Troubles.]]
[[File:Grand-Hotel-Following-Bomb-Attack-1984-10-12.jpg|thumb|244x244px|The Irish Republican Army [[Bomb|bombed]] the Grand Brighton Hotel in 1984, during The Troubles.]]
In 1998, Irish voters approved the [[Belfast Agreement]], or Good Friday Agreement, which meant they agreed that Northern Ireland would stay in the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland could join the Republic of Ireland if more than half of voters wanted to. The agreement also created councils where [[Minister (government)|ministers]] from both parts of Ireland worked together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/constitutional/constitutional1.shtml|title=BBC NI - Learning - A State Apart - Constitutional Issues (1)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> Northern Ireland got [[Government of Northern Ireland|a new government]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-35559447|title=A guide to devolution in the UK|date=2016-09-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
In 1998, Irish voters approved the [[Belfast Agreement]], or Good Friday Agreement, which meant they agreed that Northern Ireland would stay in the United Kingdom. Northern Ireland could join the Republic of Ireland if more than half of voters wanted to. The agreement also created councils where [[Minister (government)|ministers]] from both parts of Ireland worked together.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/northernireland/learning/history/stateapart/agreement/constitutional/constitutional1.shtml|title=BBC NI - Learning - A State Apart - Constitutional Issues (1)|website=www.bbc.co.uk|access-date=2020-05-08}}</ref> Northern Ireland got [[Government of Northern Ireland|a new government]] in 1998.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-politics-35559447|title=A guide to devolution in the UK|date=2016-09-18|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
During most of the 20th century (1900-1999), the Republic of Ireland was over 90% Catholic. The people and the government were socially conservative. Divorce, contraceptives, and abortions were not allowed until the late 20th century.<ref name="hollis">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45308793|title=The history of Ireland|last=Hollis|first=Daniel Webster|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Press|year=|isbn=0-313-31281-8|location=Westport, Conn.|pages=5-10|oclc=45308793}}</ref> In 1927 the Republic of Ireland government created the Electricity Supply Board to manage [[electricity]]. By the 1960s, 80% of [[Rural area|rural]] families had electricity. The Single Electricity Market was created in 2007 to supply all of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ireland2050.ie/past/electricity/|title=Electricity|last=|first=|date=|website=Ireland 2050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507233711/http://ireland2050.ie/past/electricity/|archive-date=7 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
During most of the 20th century (1900-1999), the Republic of Ireland was over 90% Catholic. The people and the government were socially conservative. Divorce, contraceptives, and abortions were not allowed until the late 20th century.<ref name="hollis">{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/45308793|title=The history of Ireland|last=Hollis|first=Daniel Webster|date=2001|publisher=Greenwood Press|isbn=0-313-31281-8|location=Westport, Conn.|pages=5-10|oclc=45308793}}</ref> In 1927 the Republic of Ireland government created the Electricity Supply Board to manage [[electricity]]. By the 1960s, 80% of [[Rural area|rural]] families had electricity. The Single Electricity Market was created in 2007 to supply all of Ireland.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://ireland2050.ie/past/electricity/|title=Electricity|website=Ireland 2050|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200507233711/http://ireland2050.ie/past/electricity/|archive-date=7 May 2020|access-date=2020-05-07}}</ref>
The Republic of Ireland and the UK joined the [[European Economic Community]], which became the [[European Union]] (EU), in 1973. In the 1990s, the Republic of Ireland became part of the European Single Market. People are allowed to travel and sell things between countries in the European Single Market.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1096288096|title=Ireland in the European eye|last=Holfter, Gisela M. B., editor. Migge, Bettina, editor.|first=|publisher=|year=|isbn=1-911479-02-4|location=|pages=52-72|oclc=1096288096}}</ref> In the late 20th century the [[economy]] grew quickly, and changed from mostly farming to mostly [[Service sector|services]] and [[industry]].<ref name="hollis" /> The UK, including Northern Ireland, left the European Union in 2020, but the UK and the Republic of Ireland agreed not to control border crossings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51271807|title=What are the implications of Brexit for NI?|last=Campbell|first=John|date=2020-01-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
The Republic of Ireland and the UK joined the [[European Economic Community]], which became the [[European Union]] (EU), in 1973. In the 1990s, the Republic of Ireland became part of the European Single Market. People are allowed to travel and sell things between countries in the European Single Market.<ref>{{Cite book|url=http://worldcat.org/oclc/1096288096|title=Ireland in the European eye|last=Holfter, Gisela M. B., editor. Migge, Bettina, editor.|isbn=1-911479-02-4|pages=52-72|oclc=1096288096}}</ref> In the late 20th century the [[economy]] grew quickly, and changed from mostly farming to mostly [[Service sector|services]] and [[industry]].<ref name="hollis" /> The UK, including Northern Ireland, left the European Union in 2020, but the UK and the Republic of Ireland agreed not to control border crossings.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.com/news/uk-northern-ireland-51271807|title=What are the implications of Brexit for NI?|last=Campbell|first=John|date=2020-01-28|work=BBC News|access-date=2020-05-08|language=en-GB}}</ref>
== References ==
== References ==