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Line 15: − '''''Comfort applications''''' aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range [[Habitable zone|preferred by humans]] despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads. + − '''''Process applications''''' aim to provide a suitable environment for an industrial or a commercial process, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the same comfort range, it is the requirements of the process that determines conditions, not human preference. Process applications include:+ + + + + − * Hospital [[operating room]]s <nowiki/>in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection and the humidity is controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as [[open heart surgery]] require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F), and others such as [[neonatal]] relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F). − − * [[Cleanroom]]s for the production of [[integrated circuits]] and [[pharmaceuticals]] etc. in which extremely high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process. − − * Facilities for breeding [[laboratory animal]]s. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms which mirror spring-like conditions can cause them to reproduce all year round. − − * Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and the cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process due to the low air pressure outside the aircraft. Line 36:
Line 33: − + + − + − − + − + − − == Installation of the conditioner == − One of the main conditions for the high-quality installation of HVAC equipment is the correct choice of the fixing location of the indoor and outdoor units. Each of the listed modules is distinguished by certain design characteristics, rules for future installation. To install an air conditioner, you need to take into account all the requirements thanks to which the equipment can be further operated in different modes. − − You need to install an air conditioner, given the following nuances: − − * A heavy outdoor unit is not fixed to walls made of aerated concrete; − * Fasteners on the ventilated part of the facade are using a damping seal. The choice of this particular material is due to the fact that it reduces noise vibration during operation of the external unit; − * Fixing the support brackets is carried out directly to the wall, and not to the decorative lining or insulation. − − The installation of an air conditioner depends on certain criteria, it starts with finding the ideal site for mounting the outdoor unit. To do this, there are several recommendations: − − * The external unit is necessarily in the area of free circulation of air flows. − * It is important to organize free access for further maintenance and repair of the unit. − * During operation, exhausted streams of hot air come from the equipment, therefore it must be positioned so that the fumes do not enter the windows of the lower floors.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://prohlada.dp.ua/news/ustanovit-kondicioner-v-dnepre|title=Выбрать кондиционер в Днепре {{!}} Купить (Заказать) недорого на сайте|website=prohlada.dp.ua|access-date=2020-06-13}}</ref> Line 82:
Line 64: − *[https://www.fantastichome.in/top-10-ac-in-india-june-2020/ Top 10 ac in india june 2020] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200604081708/https://www.fantastichome.in/top-10-ac-in-india-june-2020/ |date=2020-06-04 }} − + − + − + − *[http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cac.pr_central_ac Energy Star Central Air Conditioners]+ − *[http://doityourself.com/aircond/index.shtml How to lower the energy usage of central air conditioning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410125432/http://doityourself.com/aircond/index.shtml |date=2006-04-10 }} − − *[https://dialwala.com/blog/how-to-install-window-air-conditioner/ How to install a Window Air Conditioner] − + + + +
KS update 1.3
[[Image:Single-room AC unit-external.jpg|thumb|The external section of a generic single-room air conditioning unit. For ease of the installation, units are typically fitted into windows or, as in this photograph, a hole in the wall]][[Image:Single-room AC unit-internal.jpg|thumb|right|The internal section of the same unit. The front panel swings down to reveal the controls.]]
[[Image:Single-room AC unit-external.jpg|thumb|The external section of a generic single-room air conditioning unit. For ease of installation, units are typically fitted into windows or, as in this photograph, a hole in the wall]][[Image:Single-room AC unit-internal.jpg|thumb|right|The internal section of the same unit. The front panel swings down to reveal the controls.]]
:''Note:the term "air conditioning" refers to any form of "[[Heating]], [[ventilation]] and air-conditioning"''. This article deals specifically with units used as part of a cooling system.''
:''Note:the term "air conditioning" refers to any form of "[[Heating]], [[ventilation]] and air-conditioning"''. This article deals specifically with units used as part of a cooling system.''
An '''air conditioner''' is a system or a [[machine]] that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air.
An '''air conditioner''' (AC) is a system or a [[machine]] that treats air in a defined, usually enclosed area via a refrigeration cycle in which warm air is removed and replaced with cooler air.
In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as [[HVAC]]. Whether in homes, offices or vehicles, its purpose is to provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air inside.The main function of air conditioner is to change adverse temperature.
In construction, a complete system of heating, ventilation, and air conditioning is referred to as HVAC. Whenever [[Refrigeration]] is added it is referred to as HVACR. Whether in homes, offices, or vehicles, its purpose is to provide comfort by altering the properties of the air, usually by cooling the air inside. The main function of an air conditioner is to change adverse temperatures.
==History==
==History==
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into ''comfort'' and ''process''.
Air conditioning engineers broadly divide air conditioning applications into ''comfort'' and ''process''.
Comfort applications aim to provide an indoor environment that remains relatively constant in a range [[Habitable zone|preferred by humans]] despite changes in external weather conditions or in internal heat loads.
Process applications aim to provide a suitable environment for an industrial or a commercial process, regardless of internal heat loads and external weather conditions. Although often in the same comfort range, it is the requirements of the process that determines conditions, not human preference. Process applications include:
*Hospital [[operating room]]s <nowiki/>in which air is filtered to high levels to reduce the risk of infection and the humidity is controlled to limit patient dehydration. Although temperatures are often in the comfort range, some specialist procedures such as [[open heart surgery]] require low temperatures (about 18 °C, 64 °F), and others such as [[neonatal]] relatively high temperatures (about 28 °C, 82 °F).
*[[Cleanroom]]s for the production of [[integrated circuits]] and [[pharmaceuticals]] etc. in which extremely high levels of air cleanliness and control of temperature and humidity are required for the success of the process.
*Facilities for breeding [[laboratory animal]]s. Since many animals normally only reproduce in spring, holding them in rooms that mirror spring-like conditions can cause them to reproduce all year round.
*Aircraft air conditioning. Although nominally aimed at providing comfort for passengers and the cooling of equipment, aircraft air conditioning presents a special process due to the low air pressure outside the aircraft.
Other examples include:
Other examples include:
* Data Processing Centers
* Data Processing Centers
* Food Cooking and Processing Areas
* Food Cooking and Processing Areas
In both comfort and process applications, the objective is not only to control temperature (although in some comfort applications this is all that is controlled) but also factors like [[humidity]], air movement and air quality.
In both comfort and process applications, the objective is not only to control temperature; (although in some comfort applications, this is all that is controlled) but also factors like [[humidity]], air movement and air quality.)
== Air conditioning system basics and theories ==
== Air conditioning system basics and theories ==
=== Refrigeration cycle ===
=== Refrigeration cycle ===
[[Image:Heatpump.svg|thumb|300px|A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor.]]
[[Image:Heatpump.svg|thumb|300px|A simple stylized diagram of the refrigeration cycle: 1) condensing coil, 2) expansion valve, 3) evaporator coil, 4) compressor.]]
[[File:Compressor Danfoss SC18CL.jpg|thumb|A compressor like you would see in a [[Refrigerator]].]]
In the [[refrigeration cycle]], a [[heat pump|pump]] transfers heat from a lower temperature source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat will naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning.
In the [[Heat pump and refrigeration cycle|refrigeration cycle]], a [[heat pump|pump]] transfers heat from a lower temperature source into a higher temperature heat sink. Heat will naturally flow in the opposite direction. This is the most common type of air conditioning. A refrigerated air conditioning system works in much the same way, pumping heat out of the room in which it stands.
A refrigerated air conditioning system works in much the same way pumping heat out of the room in which it stands.
This cycle takes advantage of the [[universal gas law]] ''PV'' = ''nRT'', where ''P'' is pressure, ''V'' is volume, ''R'' is the [[universal gas constant]], ''T'' is temperature, and ''n'' is the number of molecules of gas (1 mole = 6.022×10<sup>23</sup> molecules).
This cycle takes advantage of the [[universal gas law]] ''PV'' = ''nRT'', where ''P'' is pressure, ''V'' is volume, ''R'' is the [[universal gas constant]], ''T'' is temperature, and ''n'' is the number of molecules of gas (1 mole = 6.022×10<sup>23</sup> molecules).
The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a [[gas compressor|compressor]]. In an automobile the compressor is driven by a [[pulley]] on the engine's [[crankshaft]], with both using electric motors for air circulation. Since [[evaporation]] occurs when [[heat]] is absorbed, and [[condensation]] occurs when heat is released, air conditioners are designed to use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively pump a coolant around an enclosed system. The cooling liquid, or refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil). Low pressure then causes the refrigerant to evaporate taking the heat with it. In the other compartment (the condenser), the refrigerant vapour is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensed into a liquid which then rejects the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.
The most common refrigeration cycle uses an electric motor to drive a [[gas compressor|compressor]]. In an automobile, the compressor is driven by a [[pulley]] on the engine's [[crankshaft]], with both using electric motors for air circulation. Since [[evaporation]] occurs when [[heat]] is absorbed, and [[condensation]] occurs when heat is released, air conditioners are designed to use a compressor to cause pressure changes between two compartments, and actively pump a coolant around an enclosed system. They do this in a [[Condenser (refrigeration)|Condenser]] and a [[Evaporator (refrigeration)|Evaporator]] The cooling liquid, or refrigerant is pumped into the cooled compartment (the evaporator coil). Low pressure then causes the refrigerant to evaporate taking the heat with it. In the other compartment (the condenser), the refrigerant vapor is compressed and forced through another heat exchange coil, condensed into a liquid which then rejects the heat previously absorbed from the cooled space.
==Health implications==
==Health implications==
Air conditioning has as much influence on human health as any generic heating system.Poorly maintained air-conditioning systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as ''[[Legionella pneumophila]],'' the infectious agent responsible for [[Legionnaire's disease]].<ref>[http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section6/chapter75/75e.jsp Sick building syndrome]</ref> Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of [[allergy|allergies]] and [[asthma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22591 |title=Home Control of Asthma & Allergies |access-date=2007-06-30 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618051853/http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22591 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
Air conditioning has as much influence on human health as any generic heating system. Poorly maintained air-conditioning systems (especially large, centralized systems) can occasionally promote the growth and spread of microorganisms such as ''[[Legionella pneumophila]],'' the infectious agent responsible for [[Legionnaire's disease]].<ref>[http://www.merck.com/mrkshared/mmanual/section6/chapter75/75e.jsp Sick building syndrome]</ref> Air conditioning can have a positive effect on sufferers of [[allergy|allergies]] and [[asthma]].<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22591 |title=Home Control of Asthma & Allergies |access-date=2007-06-30 |archive-date=2009-06-18 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090618051853/http://www.lungusa.org/site/pp.asp?c=dvLUK9O0E&b=22591 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
In serious [[heat wave]]s, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. Some local authorities have even set up public [[cooling center]]s for the benefit of those without air conditioning at home.
In serious [[heat wave]]s, air conditioning can save the lives of the elderly. Some local authorities have even set up public [[cooling center]]s for the benefit of those without air conditioning at home.
==References==
==References==
*[http://videos.howstuffworks.com/air-conditioner-video.htm How Air Conditioners Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718204018/http://videos.howstuffworks.com/air-conditioner-video.htm |date=2008-07-18 }}.
*[http://videos.howstuffworks.com/air-conditioner-video.htm How Air Conditioners Work] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080718204018/http://videos.howstuffworks.com/air-conditioner-video.htm |date=2008-07-18 }}.
*[http://www.nyc.net.au/node/149398 History of Automotive Air Conditioning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111133623/http://www.nyc.net.au/node/149398 |date=2016-01-11 }} on NYC.net
*[http://www.nyc.net.au/node/149398 History of Automotive Air Conditioning] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160111133623/http://www.nyc.net.au/node/149398 |date=2016-01-11 }} on NYC.net
===Energy Efficiency===
===Energy Efficiency===
* [http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings - Central Air Conditioners] from the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
* [http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm Consumer Guide to Home Energy Savings - Central Air Conditioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517073456/http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm |date=2006-05-17 }} from the American Council for an Energy Efficient Economy (ACEEE)
* [http://www.aceee.org/new/eedb.htm Energy Efficiency Program Database] from the ACEEE
* [http://www.aceee.org/new/eedb.htm Energy Efficiency Program Database] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070629022444/http://www.aceee.org/new/eedb.htm |date=2007-06-29 }} from the ACEEE
* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12420 Space heating and cooling] from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
* [http://www.eere.energy.gov/consumer/your_home/space_heating_cooling/index.cfm/mytopic=12420 Space heating and cooling] from the U.S. Department of Energy's Energy Efficiency and Renewable Energy
*[http://www.eca.gov.uk UK Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme (ECA)], a UK Government scheme to provide tax rebates for companies who use products which are ECA approved.
*[http://www.eca.gov.uk UK Enhanced Capital Allowance Scheme (ECA)], a UK Government scheme to provide tax rebates for companies who use products which are ECA approved.
*[http://www.ecbcs.org International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation In Buildings And Community Systems]
*[http://www.ecbcs.org International Energy Agency - Energy Conservation In Buildings And Community Systems]
*[http://www.cooloff.org/ AHAM website on Room-air Conditioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623054307/http://www.cooloff.org/ |date=2006-06-23 }}
*[http://www.cooloff.org/ AHAM website on Room-air Conditioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060623054307/http://www.cooloff.org/ |date=2006-06-23 }}
*[http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm Top-Rated Energy-Efficient Central Air Conditioners]
*[http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm Top-Rated Energy-Efficient Central Air Conditioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060517073456/http://www.aceee.org/consumerguide/topcac.htm |date=2006-05-17 }}
*[http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cac.pr_central_ac Energy Star Central Air Conditioners] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090825013233/http://www.energystar.gov/index.cfm?c=cac.pr_central_ac |date=2009-08-25 }}
*[https://drhvacinc.com/ac-installation/ Air Conditioning Installation]
{{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060410125432/http://doityourself.com/aircond/index.shtml |date=2006-04-10 }}
{{HVAC}}
{{Home appliances}}
[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:Engineering]]
[[Category:HVAC]]
[[Category:Home appliances]]