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Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic [[Netherlands]] (1529); [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] (1543) and [[Paris]] (1551). By mid-century, with [[French Wars of Religion|wars of religion in France]] and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.<ref name="PFGrendler"/>

Early versions of the Index were published in Catholic [[Netherlands]] (1529); [[Republic of Venice|Venice]] (1543) and [[Paris]] (1551). By mid-century, with [[French Wars of Religion|wars of religion in France]] and Germany, authorities thought control of the press could prevent the spread of heresy. This could be done by using a catalog of prohibited works, backed by ecclesiastic and civil authorities.<ref name="PFGrendler"/>

The first version published in Rome (the ''Pauline Index'') was issued by [[Pope Paul IV]] in 1559.<ref name = "PFGrendler">{{cite book| last1 = Schmitt| first1 = C.B.| last2 = Kraye| first2 = Jill| last3 = Kessler| first3 = Eckhard| last4 = Skinner| first4 = Quentin| title = The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy| url = https://books.google.com/?id=jJnyxg3xxTEC| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-39748-3| pages = 45-46 }}</ref>  From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the ''Index'' was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by [[Pope Paul VI]].<ref name="Hubert168">{{cite book| last1 = Jedin| first1 = Hubert| last2 = Dolan| first2 = John Patrick| title = History of the Church| year = 1980| isbn = 978-0-8245-0013-9| page = 168 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galbooks.html |title=Cambridge University on Index. |access-date=2014-12-27 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235539/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galbooks.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285220/Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum Encyclopaedia Britannica: ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'']</ref>

The first version published in Rome (the ''Pauline Index'') was issued by [[Pope Paul IV]] in 1559.<ref name = "PFGrendler">{{cite book| last1 = Schmitt| first1 = C.B.| last2 = Kraye| first2 = Jill| last3 = Kessler| first3 = Eckhard| last4 = Skinner| first4 = Quentin| title = The Cambridge History of Renaissance Philosophy| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=jJnyxg3xxTEC| year = 1990| publisher = Cambridge University Press| isbn = 978-0-521-39748-3| pages = 45–46 }}</ref>  From 1571 to 1917 the Sacred Congregation of the Index was in charge of updating the list. The 20th and final edition appeared in 1948, and the ''Index'' was formally abolished on 14 June 1966 by [[Pope Paul VI]].<ref name="Hubert168">{{cite book| last1 = Jedin| first1 = Hubert| last2 = Dolan| first2 = John Patrick| title = History of the Church| year = 1980| isbn = 978-0-8245-0013-9| page = 168 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galbooks.html |title=Cambridge University on Index. |access-date=2014-12-27 |archive-date=2016-03-03 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303235539/http://www.hps.cam.ac.uk/starry/galbooks.html |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="EB">[http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/285220/Index-Librorum-Prohibitorum Encyclopaedia Britannica: ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'']</ref>

The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading [[heresy|heretical]] and  [[morality|immoral]] books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by [[astronomers]] such as [[Johannes Kepler]]'s ''Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae'', which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like [[Immanuel Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. The various editions of the ''Index'' also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and [[Bible translations|translations of the Bible]] not been approved by the Church could be banned.<ref>''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'', 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")</ref>

The aim of the list was to protect the belief and morals of the faithful. This was done by preventing them from reading [[heresy|heretical]] and  [[morality|immoral]] books. Books thought to contain such errors included works by [[astronomers]] such as [[Johannes Kepler]]'s ''Epitome astronomiae Copernicanae'', which was on the Index from 1621 to 1835, and by philosophers, like [[Immanuel Kant]]'s ''[[Critique of Pure Reason]]''. The various editions of the ''Index'' also had the rules of the Church about the reading, selling and censorship of books. Even editions and [[Bible translations|translations of the Bible]] not been approved by the Church could be banned.<ref>''Index Librorum Prohibitorum'', 1559, Regula Quarta ("Rule 4")</ref>

Enforcing the Index was the [[Inquisition]]. The burning at the stake of [[Giordano Bruno]], whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600,<ref>''Index of Prohibited Books'', Revised, Vatican Polyglot Press, 190</ref> was (on the surface) for [[heresy]], not for [[heliocentrism]] or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.<ref>Paul Henry Michel. 1962. ''The cosmology of Giordano Bruno'', R.E.W. Maddison, translator. Cornell University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Angelo| first = Joseph A| title = Life in the Universe| url = https://books.google.com/?id=I5gHntgLLvIC&pg=PA7| year = 2007| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4381-0892-6| page = 7 }}</ref><ref>Firpo, Luigi 1993. Il processo di Giordano Bruno.</ref>

Enforcing the Index was the [[Inquisition]]. The burning at the stake of [[Giordano Bruno]], whose entire works were placed on the Index on 8 February 1600,<ref>''Index of Prohibited Books'', Revised, Vatican Polyglot Press, 190</ref> was (on the surface) for [[heresy]], not for [[heliocentrism]] or other scientific views. However, those other views included a belief in 'other worlds', which was heresy.<ref>Paul Henry Michel. 1962. ''The cosmology of Giordano Bruno'', R.E.W. Maddison, translator. Cornell University Press.</ref><ref>{{cite book| last = Angelo| first = Joseph A| title = Life in the Universe| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=I5gHntgLLvIC&pg=PA7| year = 2007| publisher = Infobase Publishing| isbn = 978-1-4381-0892-6| page = 7 }}</ref><ref>Firpo, Luigi 1993. Il processo di Giordano Bruno.</ref>

Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.<ref>Kuhn, Thomas 1957/1976. ''The Copernican revolution: planetary astronomy and the development of western thought''. Harvard University Press, p198.</ref>

Not until 1822 did the Church permit books to be printed which accepted the Earth's motion.<ref>Kuhn, Thomas 1957/1976. ''The Copernican revolution: planetary astronomy and the development of western thought''. Harvard University Press, p198.</ref>

The developments since the abolition of the ''Index'' show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century".<ref>{{cite book| last = Wilson| first = Sir Robert| title = Astronomy Through the Ages: The Story Of The Human Attempt To Understand The Universe| year = 1997| publisher = CRC Press| isbn = 978-0-7484-0748-4 }}</ref> A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the ''Index'' is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966''.<ref>{{cite book| authors = Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Marcella Richter, Université de Sherbrooke. Centre d'études de la Renaissance| title = Index des livres interdits| url = https://books.google.com/?id=Tie0hkcrpg4C&pg=PA472| year = 2002| publisher = Librairie Droz| isbn = 978-2-600-00818-1| page = 472 }}</ref> A list of the books that were on the ''Index'' can be found on the World Wide Web.<ref>[http://search.beaconforfreedom.org/search/censored_publications/result.html?author=&cauthor=&title=&country=8052&language=&censored_year=&censortype=&published_year=&censorreason=&Search=Search Searchable database of ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''] at ''Beacon for Freedom of Expression''</ref>

The developments since the abolition of the ''Index'' show "the loss of relevance of the Index in the 21st century".<ref>{{cite book| last = Wilson| first = Sir Robert| title = Astronomy Through the Ages: The Story Of The Human Attempt To Understand The Universe| year = 1997| publisher = CRC Press| isbn = 978-0-7484-0748-4 }}</ref> A complete list of the authors and writings present in the successive editions of the ''Index'' is given in J. Martínez de Bujanda, ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum, 1600–1966''.<ref>{{cite book| authors = Jesús Martínez de Bujanda, Marcella Richter, Université de Sherbrooke. Centre d'études de la Renaissance| title = Index des livres interdits| url = https://books.google.com/books?id=Tie0hkcrpg4C&pg=PA472| year = 2002| publisher = Librairie Droz| isbn = 978-2-600-00818-1| page = 472 }}</ref> A list of the books that were on the ''Index'' can be found on the World Wide Web.<ref>[http://search.beaconforfreedom.org/search/censored_publications/result.html?author=&cauthor=&title=&country=8052&language=&censored_year=&censortype=&published_year=&censorreason=&Search=Search Searchable database of ''Index Librorum Prohibitorum''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308015203/http://search.beaconforfreedom.org/search/censored_publications/result.html?author=&cauthor=&title=&country=8052&language=&censored_year=&censortype=&published_year=&censorreason=&Search=Search |date=2021-03-08 }} at ''Beacon for Freedom of Expression''</ref>

== References ==

== References ==

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