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{{redirect|Hebrew|the civilization in the Near East|Hebrews}}

{{redirect|Hebrew|the civilization in the Near East|Hebrews}}

{{Infobox language

{{Infobox language

| name = Hebrew

| name             = Hebrew

| nativename = {{lang|he|עִבְרִית}}'' {{transl|he|ʿIvrit}}''

| nativename       = {{lang|he|עִבְרִית}}'' {{transl|he|ʿIvrit}}''

| pronunciation = {{IPA|[(ʔ)ivˈʁit]}} - {{IPA|[(ʔ)ivˈɾit]}}{{#tag:ref|Standard Israeli ([[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]]) {{IPA|[ʕivˈɾit]}}; Iraqi {{IPA|[ʕibˈriːθ]}}; [[Yemenite Hebrew|Yemenite]] {{IPA|[ʕivˈriːθ]}}; [[Ashkenazi Hebrew language|Ashkenazi]] {{IPA|[ˈivʀis]}}|group="note"}}

| pronunciation   = {{IPA|[(ʔ)ivˈʁit]}} - {{IPA|[(ʔ)ivˈɾit]}}{{#tag:ref|Standard Israeli ([[Sephardi Hebrew|Sephardi]]) {{IPA|[ʕivˈɾit]}}; Iraqi {{IPA|[ʕibˈriːθ]}}; [[Yemenite Hebrew|Yemenite]] {{IPA|[ʕivˈriːθ]}}; [[Ashkenazi Hebrew language|Ashkenazi]] {{IPA|[ˈivʀis]}}|group="note"}}

| states = Israel, Jewish communities in Judea and Samaria;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=&countryCode=&regionCode=o |title=CIA's World Fact Book |access-date=2013-03-04 |archive-date=2014-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708235858/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=&countryCode=&regionCode=o |url-status=dead }}</ref> used globally as a [[liturgical language]] for [[Judaism]]

| states           = Israel, Jewish communities in Judea and Samaria;<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=&countryCode=&regionCode=o |title=CIA's World Fact Book |access-date=2013-03-04 |archive-date=2014-07-08 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140708235858/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/fields/2098.html?countryName=&countryCode=&regionCode=o |url-status=dead }}</ref> used globally as a [[liturgical language]] for [[Judaism]]

| speakers = 5.3 million <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=heb |title=Hebrew language report |author= |work= |publisher=Ethnologue |accessdate=19 November 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222024722/http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=heb |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| speakers         = 5.3 million <ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=heb |title=Hebrew language report |author= |publisher=Ethnologue |accessdate=19 November 2012 |archive-date=22 December 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121222024722/http://www.ethnologue.org.uk/show_language.asp?code=heb |url-status=dead }}</ref>

| date = 1998

| date             = 1998

| familycolor = Afro-Asiatic

| familycolor     = Afro-Asiatic

| fam2 = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]

| fam2             = [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]

| fam3 = [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]

| fam3             = [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]

| fam4 = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]

| fam4             = [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]

| fam5 = [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]

| fam5             = [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]

| fam6 = [[Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]

| fam6             = [[Canaanite languages|Canaanite]]

| script = [[Hebrew alphabet]]<br>[[Hebrew Braille]]

| script           = [[Hebrew alphabet]]<br>[[Hebrew Braille]]

| nation = {{flag|Israel}}

| nation           = {{flag|Israel}}

| iso1 = he

| iso1             = he

| iso2 = heb

| iso2             = heb

| lc1 = heb

| lc1             = heb

| ld1 = [[Modern Hebrew]]

| ld1             = [[Modern Hebrew]]

| lc2 = hbo

| lc2             = hbo

| ld2 = [[Biblical Hebrew language|Ancient Hebrew]]

| ld2             = [[Biblical Hebrew language|Ancient Hebrew]]

| lingua = 12-AAB-a

| lingua           = 12-AAB-a

| minority = {{flag|Turkey}}<br>{{flag|Palestine}}

| minority         = {{flag|Poland}}<br>{{flag|South Africa}}

}}

}}

[[File:Israel in Hebrew.svg|thumb|"Israel" written in the Hebrew alphabet.]]

[[File:Israel in Hebrew.svg|thumb|"Israel" written in the Hebrew alphabet.]]

The [[Hebrew Bible]] was originally written in Biblical Hebrew.

The [[Hebrew Bible]] was originally written in Biblical Hebrew.

== Grammar ==

== Grammar ==

Hebrew is a [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]]. [[Arabic language|Arabic]] is another semetic language and is similar to Hebrew. Hebrew words are made by combining a root with a pattern. In Israeli Hebrew, some words are translated from European languages like English, [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]. Many words from the [[Old Testament]] were given new meanings in Israeli Hebrew.<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann]]|first= Ghil'ad|date=2003|title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|place=England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781403917232|url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232}}</ref> People learning Hebrew need to study the [[grammar]] first so that they can read correctly without vowels.

Hebrew is a [[Semitic languages|Semitic language]], like [[Arabic]], a similar language. Hebrew words are made by combining a root with a pattern. In Israeli Hebrew, some words are translated from European languages like [[English language|English]], [[French language|French]], [[German language|German]], and [[Russian language|Russian]]. Many words from the [[Old Testament]] were given new meanings in Israeli Hebrew.<ref>{{cite book|last=[[Ghil'ad Zuckermann|Zuckermann]]|first= Ghil'ad|date=2003|title=Language Contact and Lexical Enrichment in Israeli Hebrew|place=England|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|isbn=9781403917232|url=https://www.palgrave.com/gp/book/9781403917232}}</ref> People learning Hebrew need to study the [[grammar]] first so that they can read correctly without vowels.

In Israeli Hebrew, there is no verb "to be" in the [[present tense]], but only in the [[future tense|future]] and the [[past tense]]s. In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two aspects: imperfect and perfect. The imperfect is something like the future and the present tenses. The perfect is something like the past tense. Mishnaic Hebrew was spoken as well as [[Judeo-Aramaic]] in the time of [[Jesus]] and in the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt ([[2nd century]] AD) until the [[Byzantine Empire]] of [[Justinian]] ([[6th century]] AD).

In Israeli Hebrew, there is no verb "to be" in the [[present tense]] only in the [[future tense|future]] and the [[past tense]]s. In Biblical Hebrew, there are no tenses but only two aspects: imperfect and perfect. The imperfect is something like the future and the present tenses. The perfect is something like the past tense.

The Hebrew alphabet has been adapted to write [[Yiddish]], another [[Jewish languages|Jewish language]]. However, Yiddish is different from Hebrew because Yiddish comes from a mix of [[Germanic languages|German]], Hebrew and other languages.

Mishnaic Hebrew was spoken as well as [[Judeo-Aramaic]] at the time of [[Jesus]] and at the time of the Bar-Kokhba revolt ([[2nd century]] AD) until the [[Byzantine Empire]] of [[Justinian]] ([[6th century]] AD).

== Alphabet ==

== Alphabet ==

The Hebrew [[alphabet]] has 22 letters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hebrew alphabet {{!}} writing system|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hebrew-alphabet|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Five of them change when they are at the end of a word. Hebrew is read and written from right to left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hebrew Alphabet (Aleph-Bet)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> The first three letters, aleph, beth and gimel, are also used in [[mathematics]] in the context of [[Transfinite number|transfinite numbers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Greek/Hebrew/Latin-based Symbols in Mathematics|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/greek-hebrew-latin-symbols/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref>

The Hebrew [[alphabet]] has 22 letters.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Hebrew alphabet {{!}} writing system|url=https://www.britannica.com/topic/Hebrew-alphabet|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en}}</ref> Five of them change when they are at the end of a word. Hebrew is read and written from right to left.<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Hebrew Alphabet (Aleph-Bet)|url=https://www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org/the-hebrew-alphabet-aleph-bet|access-date=2020-10-02|website=www.jewishvirtuallibrary.org}}</ref> The first three letters, aleph, beth and gimel, are also used in [[mathematics]] in the context of [[Transfinite number|transfinite numbers]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2020-03-20|title=Greek/Hebrew/Latin-based Symbols in Mathematics|url=https://mathvault.ca/hub/higher-math/math-symbols/greek-hebrew-latin-symbols/|access-date=2020-10-02|website=Math Vault|language=en-US}}</ref>

|style="font-size:300%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman" height=40 valign=top|ך

|style="font-size:300%; font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman" height=40 valign=top|ך

|-

|-

!'''[[Lamed]]'''||'''[[Mem]]'''||'''[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]'''||'''[[Samekh]]'''||'''[[Ayin]]'''||'''[[Pe (Hebrew)|Pe]]'''||'''[[Tsadi]]'''||'''[[Kuf]]'''||'''[[Resh]]'''||'''[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]'''||'''[[Tav]]'''

!'''[[Lamed]]'''||'''[[Mem]]'''||'''[[Nun (letter)|Nun]]'''||'''[[Samekh]]'''||'''[[Ayin]]'''||'''[[Pe (Hebrew)|Pe]]'''||'''[[Tsadi]]<nowiki/>c'''||'''[[Kuf]]'''||'''[[Resh]]'''||'''[[Shin (letter)|Shin]]'''||'''[[Tav]]'''

|-

|-

| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ל

| rowspan="2" align="center"; style="font-family:SBL Hebrew, Ezra SIL SR, Ezra SIL, Cardo, Chrysanthi Unicode, TITUS Cyberbit Basic, Arial Unicode MS, Narkisim, Times New Roman;font-size:300%" height=40 valign=top|ל

|}

|}

==Notes==

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

 

== Notes ==

{{Reflist|group=note}}

{{Reflist|group=note}}

== Related pages ==

== Related pages ==

* [[Phoenician alphabet]]

* [[Phoenician alphabet]]

 

== References ==

==References==

{{InterWiki|code=he}}

{{InterWiki|code=he}}

{{wikibookspar||Hebrew}}

{{wikibookspar||Hebrew}}