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'''Luis Echeverría Álvarez''' ({{IPA-es|lwis etʃeβeˈri.a ˈalβaɾes}}; 17 January 1922 – 8 July 2022) was an [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[politician]], [[lawyer]] and [[writer]]. He was [[President of Mexico]] from 1970 to 1976.<ref>Yoram Shapira. 1977. Mexico: The Impact of the 1968 Student Protest on Echeverria's Reformism. Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp. 557-580 [https://www.jstor.org/stable/165488]</ref><ref>Merilee S. Grindle. 1977. Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico under Echeverria Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp. 523-555</ref> He wrote several books about his years in office and about his retirement. During his presidency, his administration was criticized because of their handling of the [[Mexican Dirty War]]. He was a member of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]. From 1978 to 1979, he was the Mexican Ambassador to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].
'''Luis Echeverría Álvarez''' ({{IPA-es|lwis etʃeβeˈri.a ˈalβaɾes}}; 17 January 1922 – 8 July 2022) was an [[Mexico|Mexican]] [[politician]], [[lawyer]] and [[writer]]. He was [[President of Mexico]] from 1970 to 1976.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Shapira|first=Yoram|date=1977|title=Mexico: The Impact of the 1968 Student Protest on Echeverría's Reformism|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/165488|journal=Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs|volume=19|issue=4|pages=557–580|doi=10.2307/165488|issn=0022-1937}}</ref><ref>Merilee S. Grindle. 1977. Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico under Echeverria Journal of Interamerican Studies and World Affairs , Vol. 19, No. 4 (Nov., 1977), pp. 523-555</ref> He wrote several books about his years in office and about his retirement. During his presidency, his administration was criticized because of their handling of the [[Mexican Dirty War]]. He was a member of the [[Institutional Revolutionary Party]]. From 1978 to 1979, he was the Mexican Ambassador to [[Australia]] and [[New Zealand]].
== Presidency ==
== Presidency ==
When he was president, Echeverría [[ban|banned]] almost every form of [[rock music]] in Mexico because of the rise of youth protestors in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Poniatowska|first1=Elena|title=El poeta Alberto Blanco|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/11/18/index.php?section=opinion&article=a04a1cul|access-date=27 September 2014|agency=La Jornada|date=18 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Doggett|first1=Peter|title=There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/theresriotgoingo00dogg|date=4 October 2007|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd.|location=UK|isbn=978-1847671141|page=[https://archive.org/details/theresriotgoingo00dogg/page/431 431]|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pilcher|first1=Jeffrey M.|title=The human tradition in Mexico|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=USA|isbn=978-0-8420-2976-6|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbeXAsUsxyMC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopez Segura|first1=Eduardo|title=Avandaro y el festival de rock de 1971|url=http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1309/avandaro-festival-rock-1971/|access-date=24 June 2014|agency=Noticieros Televisa|publisher=Televisa|date=12 September 2013|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135529/http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1309/avandaro-festival-rock-1971/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1971, he created the country's first [[environmental]] law.<ref>Stephen P. Mumme, C. Richard Bath, and Valerie J. Assetto. "Political Development and Environmental Policy in Mexico." [[Latin American Research Review]], vol. 23, no. 1 (1988), pp. 7-14</ref>
When he was president, Echeverría [[ban|banned]] almost every form of [[rock music]] in Mexico because of the rise of youth protestors in the 1970s.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Poniatowska|first1=Elena|title=El poeta Alberto Blanco|url=http://www.jornada.unam.mx/2007/11/18/index.php?section=opinion&article=a04a1cul|access-date=27 September 2014|agency=La Jornada|date=18 November 2007}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Doggett|first1=Peter|title=There's A Riot Going On: Revolutionaries, Rock Stars, and the Rise and Fall of '60s Counter-Culture|url=https://archive.org/details/theresriotgoingo00dogg|date=4 October 2007|publisher=Canongate Books Ltd.|location=UK|isbn=978-1847671141|page=[https://archive.org/details/theresriotgoingo00dogg/page/431 431]|edition=1st}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Pilcher|first1=Jeffrey M.|title=The human tradition in Mexico|year=2002|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield Publishers|location=USA|isbn=978-0-8420-2976-6|page=221|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jbeXAsUsxyMC&pg=PA221}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last1=Lopez Segura|first1=Eduardo|title=Avandaro y el festival de rock de 1971|url=http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1309/avandaro-festival-rock-1971/|access-date=24 June 2014|agency=Noticieros Televisa|publisher=Televisa|date=12 September 2013|archive-date=14 July 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140714135529/http://noticieros.televisa.com/mexico/1309/avandaro-festival-rock-1971/|url-status=dead}}</ref> In 1971, he created the country's first [[environmental law]].<ref>Stephen P. Mumme, C. Richard Bath, and Valerie J. Assetto. "Political Development and Environmental Policy in Mexico." [[Latin American Research Review]], vol. 23, no. 1 (1988), pp. 7-14</ref>
He was a critic of dictators such as [[Augusto Pinochet]] and gave [[refugee]]s [[asylum]] in Mexico. He also had a close partnership with Chairman [[Mao Zedong]].<ref>{{cite book|last=González|first=Fredy|title=Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico|year=2017|publisher=University of California Press|pages=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZiqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|isbn=978-0-520-96448-8}}</ref> He was an unsuccessful candidate for [[Secretary-General of the United Nations]].
He was a critic of dictators such as [[Augusto Pinochet]] and gave [[refugee]]s [[Asylum seeker|asylum]] in Mexico. He also had a close partnership with Chairman [[Mao Zedong]].<ref>{{cite book|last=González|first=Fredy|title=Paisanos Chinos: Transpacific Politics among Chinese Immigrants in Mexico|year=2017|publisher=University of California Press|pages=177|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wZiqDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA177|isbn=978-0-520-96448-8}}</ref> He was an unsuccessful candidate for [[United Nations Secretary-General]].
Echeverría did not have good relations with [[Israel]] after supporting a [[United Nations|UN]] [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379|resolution]] that made [[Zionism]] the same as [[racism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico Votes for General Assembly Resolution Condemning Zionism|url=https://www.jta.org/1975/12/17/archive/mexico-votes-for-general-assembly-resolution-condemning-zionism|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=8 March 2018|date=17 December 1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mexico Tells U.S. Jews It Does Not Link Zionism With Racism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/13/archives/mexico-fells-us-jews-it-does-not-link-zionism-with-racism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=8 March 2018|date=13 December 1975|last1=Riding|first1=Alan}}</ref>
Echeverría did not have good relations with [[Israel]] after supporting a [[United Nations|UN]] [[United Nations General Assembly Resolution 3379|resolution]] that made [[Zionism]] the same as [[racism]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Mexico Votes for General Assembly Resolution Condemning Zionism|url=https://www.jta.org/1975/12/17/archive/mexico-votes-for-general-assembly-resolution-condemning-zionism|publisher=Jewish Telegraphic Agency|access-date=8 March 2018|date=17 December 1975}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=Mexico Tells U.S. Jews It Does Not Link Zionism With Racism|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1975/12/13/archives/mexico-fells-us-jews-it-does-not-link-zionism-with-racism.html|newspaper=The New York Times|access-date=8 March 2018|date=13 December 1975|last1=Riding|first1=Alan}}</ref>
When he was president, Echeverría brought economic growth to the Mexican economy, as it grew by 6.1% and fixed the country's infrastructure.<ref name="El sexenio de Luis Echeverría">[https://books.google.com/books?id=n4lVAAAAMAAJ El sexenio de Luis Echeverría] ''Clío, 1999''</ref> However, many saw that his presidency was [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]].<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news |last1=Tobar |first1=Hector |title=New Details of Mexico's 'Dirty War' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-27-fg-mexico27-story.html |access-date=24 July 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grindle|first=Merilee|title=Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico under Echeverria|year=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=523–555}}</ref> Many blamed him for the [[Halconazo|1971 Corpus Christi massacre]] against student protesters, the [[Dirty War (Mexico)|Dirty War]] against leftist critics in the country,<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN05211466 |title=Rights group urges Mexico to resolve "dirty war" |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Evans">{{cite web|last=Evans |first=Michael |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB105/index.htm |title=The Dawn of Mexico's Dirty War |website=Gwu.edu |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> and the economic crisis that happened in Mexico towards the end of his term.<ref name="Delgado de Cantú 2003 387–388">{{cite book|last=Delgado de Cantú|first=Gloria M.|title=Historia de México Vol. II|year=2003|publisher=Pearson Educación|pages=387–388}}</ref>
When he was president, Echeverría brought economic growth to the Mexican economy, as it grew by 6.1% and fixed the country's infrastructure.<ref name="El sexenio de Luis Echeverría">[https://books.google.com/books?id=n4lVAAAAMAAJ El sexenio de Luis Echeverría] ''Clío, 1999''</ref> However, many saw that his presidency was [[Authoritarianism|authoritarian]].<ref name="Los Angeles Times">{{cite news |last1=Tobar |first1=Hector |title=New Details of Mexico's 'Dirty War' |url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2006-feb-27-fg-mexico27-story.html |access-date=24 July 2019 |work=Los Angeles Times |date=27 February 2006}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last=Grindle|first=Merilee|title=Policy Change in an Authoritarian Regime: Mexico under Echeverria|year=1977|publisher=Cambridge University Press|pages=523–555}}</ref> Many blamed him for the [[El Halconazo|1971 Corpus Christi massacre]] against student protesters, the [[Mexican Dirty War|Dirty War]] against leftist critics in the country,<ref name=Reuters1>{{cite web |url=https://www.reuters.com/article/latestCrisis/idUSN05211466 |title=Rights group urges Mexico to resolve "dirty war" |work=[[Reuters]] |date=5 April 2007 |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref><ref name="Evans">{{cite web|last=Evans |first=Michael |url=http://www.gwu.edu/~nsarchiv/NSAEBB/NSAEBB105/index.htm |title=The Dawn of Mexico's Dirty War |website=Gwu.edu |access-date=29 October 2016}}</ref> and the economic crisis that happened in Mexico towards the end of his term.<ref name="Delgado de Cantú 2003 387–388">{{cite book|last=Delgado de Cantú|first=Gloria M.|title=Historia de México Vol. II|year=2003|publisher=Pearson Educación|pages=387–388}}</ref>
== Personal life ==
== Personal life ==
Echeverría was born in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] and studied at the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. He [[Centenarian|turned 100]] in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=De joven entusiasta del PRI al "Halconazo": Luis Echeverría Álvarez y sus 100 años de vida |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/01/17/de-joven-entusiasta-del-pri-al-halconazo-luis-echeverria-alvarez-y-sus-100-anos-de-vida/ |website=infobae.com |date=17 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022 |language=es}}</ref> He was married to María Esther Zuno from 1945 until her death in 1999. They had eight children.
Echeverría was born in [[Mexico City]], [[Mexico]] and studied at the [[National Autonomous University of Mexico]]. He [[Centenarian|turned 100]] in January 2022.<ref>{{cite web |title=De joven entusiasta del PRI al "Halconazo": Luis Echeverría Álvarez y sus 100 años de vida |url=https://www.infobae.com/america/mexico/2022/01/17/de-joven-entusiasta-del-pri-al-halconazo-luis-echeverria-alvarez-y-sus-100-anos-de-vida/ |website=infobae.com |date=17 January 2022|access-date=17 January 2022 |language=es}}</ref> He was married to María Esther Zuno from 1945 until her death in 1999. They had eight children.
File:President Gerald Ford meets with Mexican President Luis Echeverria.jpg|Echeverría with US president [[Gerald Ford]] during his visit to Washington D.C. in 1975.
File:President Gerald Ford meets with Mexican President Luis Echeverria.jpg|Echeverría with US president [[Gerald Ford]] during his visit to Washington D.C. in 1975.
File:Lopez Portillo.jpg|[[José López Portillo]], Echeverría's childhood friend and eventual presidential successor
File:Jose Lopez Portillo new.jpg|[[José López Portillo]], Echeverría's childhood friend and eventual presidential successor
</gallery>
</gallery>
== References ==
== References ==
[[Category:Mexican lawyers]]
[[Category:Mexican lawyers]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Mexico]]
[[Category:Ambassadors of Mexico]]
{{Presidents of Mexico}}