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'''RNA''' is an [[acronym]] for '''ribonucleic acid''', a [[nucleic acid]]. Many different kinds are now known.<ref>Only the most important are described here. A complete list is available at [[:en:List of RNAs]].</ref>
'''RNA''' is an [[acronym]] for '''ribonucleic acid''', a [[nucleic acid]]. Many different kinds are now known.<ref>Only the most important are described here. A complete list is available at [[:en:List of RNAs]].</ref>
RNA is physically different from [[DNA]]. DNA has two intercoiled [[Strand|strands]], but RNA only has one strand. RNA also has different [[Nucleotide|bases]] than DNA. These bases are [[adenine]], [[guanine]], [[cytosine]], and [[uracil]].
RNA is physically different from [[DNA]]. DNA has two [[Strand|strands]] that twist around each other, but RNA only has one strand. RNA also has different [[Nucleotide|bases]] than DNA. These bases are [[adenine]], [[guanine]], [[cytosine]], and [[uracil]].
Adenine bonds with uracil. Guanine bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. Adenine, guanine and cytosine are also in DNA. In RNA, [[uracil]] replaces [[thymine]] as a complement to adenine.
Adenine bonds with uracil. Guanine bonds with cytosine. In this way, we say that adenine is complementary to uracil and that guanine is complementary to cytosine. Adenine, guanine and cytosine are also in DNA. In RNA, [[uracil]] replaces [[thymine]] as a complement to adenine.
Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
Two kinds of non-coding RNAs help in the process of building proteins in the cell. They are transfer RNA (tRNA) and ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
== tRNA ==
== tRNA ==
[[Transfer RNA]] ('''tRNA''') is a short molecule of about 80 [[nucleotide]]s which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain at a [[ribosome]]. There is a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For example, [[codon]]s UUU or UUC code for the amino acid [[phenylalanine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transfer RNA (tRNA) |url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Transfer-RNA |website=National Human Genome Research Institute |accessdate=4 February 2024}}</ref>
[[Transfer RNA]] ('''tRNA''') is a short molecule of about 80 [[nucleotide]]s which carries a specific amino acid to the polypeptide chain (the protein being made) at a [[ribosome]]. There is a different tRNA for each amino acid. Each one has a site for the amino acid to attach and an anti-codon to match the codon on the mRNA. For example, [[codon]]s UUU or UUC code for the amino acid [[phenylalanine]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Transfer RNA (tRNA) |url=https://www.genome.gov/genetics-glossary/Transfer-RNA |website=National Human Genome Research Institute |accessdate=4 February 2024}}</ref>
== rRNA ==
== rRNA ==
'''Ribosomal RNA''' ('''rRNA''') is the [[Catalysis|catalytic]] component of the ribosomes. [[Eukaryote|Eukaryotic]] ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the [[nucleolus]], and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.<ref name=The_Cell>{{cite book | title=The Cell: a molecular approach| edition=3rd| author=Cooper GC & Hausman RE| date=2004| pages=261–76, 297, 339–44| publisher=Sinauer| isbn=0-87893-214-3 | oclc=174924833|id=OCLC 52121379 52359301 56050609}}</ref> rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic [[cytoplasm]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kampers T. | display-authors = etal | title=RNA stimulates aggregation of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like paired helical filaments| journal=FEBS Letters| year=1996| volume=399 | pages = 344–349| pmid=8985176 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01386-5 | issue=3| s2cid = 1722620 }}</ref>
'''Ribosomal RNA''' ('''rRNA''') is the [[Catalysis|catalytic]] component of the ribosomes. [[Eukaryote|Eukaryotic]] ribosomes contain four different rRNA molecules: 18S, 5.8S, 28S and 5S rRNA. Three of the rRNA molecules are synthesized in the [[nucleolus]], and one is synthesized elsewhere. In the cytoplasm, ribosomal RNA and protein combine to form a nucleoprotein called a ribosome. The ribosome binds mRNA and carries out protein synthesis. Several ribosomes may be attached to a single mRNA at any time.<ref name=The_Cell>{{cite book | title=The Cell: a molecular approach| edition=3rd| author=Cooper GC & Hausman RE| date=2004| pages=261–76, 297, 339–44| publisher=Sinauer| isbn=0-87893-214-3 | oclc=174924833|id=OCLC 52121379 52359301 56050609}}</ref> rRNA is extremely abundant and makes up 80% of the 10 mg/ml RNA found in a typical eukaryotic [[cytoplasm]].<ref>{{cite journal | author=Kampers T. | display-authors = etal | title=RNA stimulates aggregation of microtubule-associated protein tau into Alzheimer-like paired helical filaments| journal=FEBS Letters| year=1996| volume=399 | pages = 344–349| pmid=8985176 | doi = 10.1016/S0014-5793(96)01386-5 | issue=3| s2cid = 1722620 }}</ref>
Some scientists and doctors have used [[messenger RNA vaccines|messenger RNA in vaccines]] to treat [[cancer]] and prevent people from becoming sick.<ref name="Horizon">{{cite news|url=https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|title=Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines|date=April 1, 2020|accessdate=May 1, 2020|author=Joanna Roberts|publisher=Horizon|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404043837/https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|date=January 12, 2018|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|pages=261–279|volume=18|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|author1= Norbert Pardi|author2= Michael J. Hogan|author3= Frederick W. Porter|author4=Drew Weissman|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|issue=4|pmid=29326426|pmc=5906799}}</ref>
Some scientists and doctors have used [[messenger RNA vaccines|messenger RNA in vaccines]] to treat [[cancer]] and prevent people from becoming sick.<ref name="Horizon">{{cite news|url=https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|title=Five things you need to know about: mRNA vaccines|date=April 1, 2020|accessdate=May 1, 2020|author=Joanna Roberts|publisher=Horizon|archive-date=April 4, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200404043837/https://horizon-magazine.eu/article/five-things-you-need-know-about-mrna-vaccines.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name="Nature">{{cite journal|date=January 12, 2018|title=mRNA vaccines — a new era in vaccinology|pages=261–279|volume=18|doi=10.1038/nrd.2017.243|author1= Norbert Pardi|author2= Michael J. Hogan|author3= Frederick W. Porter|author4=Drew Weissman|journal=Nature Reviews Drug Discovery|issue=4|pmid=29326426|pmc=5906799}}</ref>
== RNArRNA Media ==
== RNA Media ==
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>
File:Piwi-siRNA-basepairing.png|Watson-Crick base pairs in a [[siRNA]]. Hydrogen atoms are not shown.
File:Piwi-siRNA-basepairing.png|Watson-Crick base pairs in a [[siRNA]]. Hydrogen atoms are not shown.