Changes

[[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) solid objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

[[File:MakerBot ThingOMatic Bre Pettis.jpg|thumb|A 3D Printer|alt=|400x400px]]'''3D printing''' is a way of creating [[three dimensional]] (3D) [[solid]] objects.<ref name="engineer">{{Cite web|url=https://www.theengineer.co.uk/the-rise-of-additive-manufacturing/|title=The rise of additive manufacturing|last=Cummins|first=Kate|date=2010-05-23|website=The Engineer|language=en-US|access-date=2020-07-14}}</ref> 3D printing is done by building up the object layer by layer.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.createitreal.com/index.php/en/3d-printer/48|title=3D Printer Technology - Animation of layering|publisher=Create It Real|access-date=January 31, 2012}}</ref> Usually, 3D printers use [[plastic]], because it is easier to use and cheaper. Some 3D printers can 3D print with other materials, like [[metal]]s and [[ceramic]]s, but they cost too much money for most people.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://all3dp.com/2/how-much-does-a-metal-3d-printer-cost/|title=How Much Does a Metal 3D Printer Cost in 2019?|date=July 2, 2019|website=All3DP|language=en|access-date=November 14, 2019}}</ref>

3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home.

3D printers are useful because they can make new objects very fast, and are good at making them very detailed. This means an [[engineer]] can test a lot of new designs and not have to wait for someone else to make them. They are also useful for fixing parts made of plastic, and for making toys, figures, and models. There are a lot of people who print 3D objects at home.

'''1989''': [[:en:S._Scott_Crump|S. Scott Crump]] developed FDM. It is the technology used by most 3D printers today.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects|gdate=1989-10-30|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en}}</ref>

'''1989''': [[:en:S._Scott_Crump|S. Scott Crump]] developed FDM. It is the technology used by most 3D printers today.<ref>{{Cite patent|title=Apparatus and method for creating three-dimensional objects|gdate=1989-10-30|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US5121329A/en}}</ref>

'''1992''' The first FDM machine was sold in 1992 by S. Scott Crump's company, Stratasys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/stratasys-inc-history/|title=History of Stratasys, Inc. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>

'''1992''' The first FDM [[machine]] was sold in 1992 by S. Scott Crump's company, Stratasys.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.fundinguniverse.com/company-histories/stratasys-inc-history/|title=History of Stratasys, Inc. – FundingUniverse|website=www.fundinguniverse.com|access-date=November 17, 2019}}</ref>

'''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|year=2011|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|s2cid=3330830|issn=1469-8668}}</ref>

'''2005''' RepRap became the first [[open source]] printer project <ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Jones|first1=Rhys|last2=Haufe|first2=Patrick|last3=Sells|first3=Edward|last4=Iravani|first4=Pejman|last5=Olliver|first5=Vik|last6=Palmer|first6=Chris|last7=Bowyer|first7=Adrian|title=RepRap – the replicating rapid prototyper|url=https://www.cambridge.org/core/journals/robotica/article/reprap-the-replicating-rapid-prototyper/5979FD7B0C066CBCE43EEAD869E871AA|journal=Robotica|year=2011|language=en|volume=29|issue=1|pages=177–191|doi=10.1017/S026357471000069X|s2cid=3330830|issn=1469-8668}}</ref>

[[File:STL sample 2.png|thumb|A computer model of an object before printing|alt=]]

[[File:STL sample 2.png|thumb|A computer model of an object before printing|alt=]]

== Modelling ==

== Modelling ==

The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/ models]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agilemaker|first=Bern|date=July 16, 2024|title=Exploring the World of CAD: Understanding the Importance and Function of Models|url=https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/|access-date=July 17, 2024|website=Agilemaking.com}}</ref> in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vermeulen|first1=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://www.worldcat.org/oclc/889967279|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=en|oclc=889967279}}</ref>

The first step in 3D printing something is to make it on a computer. People do this with [[computer-aided design|CAD]] (Computer Aided Design) software or a [[3D scanner#Hand-held laser scanners|3D scanner]]. To design [https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/ models]<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agilemaker|first=Bern|date=July 16, 2024|title=Exploring the World of CAD: Understanding the Importance and Function of Models|url=https://agilemaking.com/exploring-the-world-of-cad-understanding-the-importance-and-function-of-models/|access-date=July 17, 2024|website=Agilemaking.com}}</ref> in CAD, people start with basic shapes, and build from that point. 3D scanners are machines that take lots of measurements of the object and automatically make a model on the computer. They can be very fast, but are also more expensive.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vermeulen|first1=M. M. P. A.|last2=Rosielle|first2=P. C. J. N.|last3=Schellekens|first3=P. H. J.|date=January 1, 1998|title=Design of a High-Precision 3D-Coordinate Measuring Machine|url=http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0007850607628716|journal=CIRP Annals|volume=47|issue=1|pages=447–450|doi=10.1016/S0007-8506(07)62871-6|issn=0007-8506}}</ref>[[File:UHTC Propeller.webm|thumb|A 3D printer printing a propellor. The video is 4 times faster than real life.|left]]CAD models are usually saved on computers as [[STL (file format)|STL]] files. They are saved as lots of triangles, which saves space on the computer.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jurnal Teknologi|date=1977|publisher=Penerbit UTM Press|location=Johor Bahru|language=en|oclc=889967279}}</ref>

== Printing ==

== Printing ==

There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

There are a lot of different ways that 3D printers work. There are also many different materials that can be used. Every method and material has its advantages and disadvantages.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.economist.com/news/2007/11/15/a-whole-new-dimension|title=A whole new dimension|date=November 15, 2007|newspaper=The Economist|access-date=November 13, 2019|issn=0013-0613}}</ref>

The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200200/http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

The main things to think about when choosing a machine are usually speed, costs, and color. Printers that work directly with metals are generally expensive. However less expensive printers can be used to make a mold, which is then used to make metal parts.[[File:3D printed tactile replica of the Tsar Cannon.jpg|thumb|A finished 3D print of a cannon|alt=]]Typical layers are around 100 [[Dots per inch|μm]] thick, or about one tenth the thickness of a human hair.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|title=Here's What Experts Say About The Thickness Of Human Hair|date=August 5, 2018|website=TOP Cambodian Hair and Vietnam Human Virgin Hair Extensions|access-date=November 20, 2019|archive-date=February 23, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200223142043/https://laylahair.com/the-thickness-of-human-hair/|url-status=dead}}</ref> Prints can take anywhere from less than an hour to many days, depending on how complicated and big it is.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|title=Advantages of 3D printing over traditional manufacturing|last=Andy|date=July 10, 2013|website=3DPrinterPrices.net|language=en-US|access-date=November 13, 2019|archive-date=October 30, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191030200200/http://www.3dprinterprices.net/advantages-of-3d-printing-over-traditional-manufacturing-2/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Finishing ==

== Finishing ==

After the machine has finished printing, sometimes people [[Surface finishing|finish]] the model. This means making small fixes to make it look better. Finishing includes taking off material that the printer placed to support the model. This sometimes can take a lot of time. There are ways to make it quicker, but it is often easiest to remove plastic by hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3dhubs.com/talk/t/best-way-to-remove-rafts-supports-and-other-extraneous-filament/494|title=Best way to remove rafts, supports and other extraneous filament?|date=January 30, 2015|website=Talk Manufacturing {{!}} 3D Hubs|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>

After the machine has finished printing, sometimes people [[Surface finishing|finish]] the model. This means making small fixes to make it look better. Finishing includes taking off material that the printer placed to support the model. This sometimes can take a lot of time. There are ways to make it quicker, but it is often easiest to remove plastic by hand.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.3dhubs.com/talk/t/best-way-to-remove-rafts-supports-and-other-extraneous-filament/494|title=Best way to remove rafts, supports and other extraneous filament?|date=January 30, 2015|website=Talk Manufacturing {{!}} 3D Hubs|language=en-US|access-date=November 20, 2019}}</ref>

== 3D Printing Media ==

== 3D Printing Media ==

<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>

<gallery widths='160px' heights='100%' mode='traditional' caption=''>

File:Robot_3D_print_timelapse_on_RepRapPro_Fisher.gif|[[Timelapse]] of a three-dimensional printer in action

File:Robot 3D print timelapse on RepRapPro Fisher.webm|[[Timelapse]] of a three-dimensional printer in action

File:84530877 FillingSys (9415669149).jpg|[[CAD]] model used for 3D printing

File:84530877 FillingSys (9415669149).jpg|[[CAD]] model used for 3D printing

File:Doob NY SOHO 3D selfie photo booth IMG 4939 FRD.jpg|3D models can be generated from 2D pictures taken at a 3D photo booth.

File:Doob NY SOHO 3D selfie photo booth IMG 4939 FRD.jpg|3D models can be generated from 2D pictures taken at a 3D photo booth.

File:Hyperboloid Print.ogv|3:30 Timelapse of an 80-minute video of an object being made out of [[Polylactic acid|PLA]] using molten polymer deposition

File:Hyperboloid Print.ogv|3:30 timelapse of an 80-minute video of an object being made out of [[Polylactic acid|PLA]] using molten polymer deposition

 

File:3DBenchy created using color mixing on an FDM printer.jpg|A multi-material [[3DBenchy]]

File:3DBenchy created using color mixing on an FDM printer.jpg|A multi-material [[3DBenchy]]

File:Schematic representation of Stereolithography.png|Schematic representation of stereolithography; a light-emitting device ''a)'' (laser or [[Digital Light Processing|DLP]]) selectively illuminate the transparent bottom ''c)'' of a tank ''b)'' filled with a liquid photo-polymerizing resin; the solidified resin ''d)'' is progressively dragged up by a lifting platform ''e)''

File:Schematic representation of Stereolithography.png|Schematic representation of stereolithography; a light-emitting device ''a)'' (laser or [[Digital Light Processing|DLP]]) selectively illuminate the transparent bottom ''c)'' of a tank ''b)'' filled with a liquid photo-polymerizing resin; the solidified resin ''d)'' is progressively dragged up by a lifting platform ''e)''

File:I robot car.jpg|The [[Audi RSQ]] was made with rapid prototyping industrial [[KUKA]] robots

File:I robot car.jpg|The [[Audi RSQ]] was made with rapid prototyping industrial [[KUKA]] robots.

File:Ted Noten Fashionista in green 2009.jpg|2009 'Fashionista' necklace by Dutch jewellery designer and conceptual artist Ted Noten. 3D-printed glassfiber-filled nylon. Part of the Haunted by 36 Women series.

File:Ted Noten Fashionista in green 2009.jpg|2009 'Fashionista' necklace by Dutch jewellery designer and conceptual artist Ted Noten. 3D-printed glassfiber-filled nylon. Part of the Haunted by 36 Women series.