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{{Use mdy dates|date=April 2020}}{{Infobox person

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{{Infobox person

| image       = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg

| image             = Alexander Graham Bell.jpg

| caption     = Bell in 1917

| caption           = Bell, {{circa|1917}}

| birth_name = Alexander Bell

| birth_name         = Alexander Bell

| birth_date = March 3, 1847

| birth_date         = {{birth date|1847|3|3}}

| birth_place = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland

| birth_place       = [[Edinburgh]], Scotland

| death_date = {{death date and age|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|mf=y}}

| death_date         = {{death date and age|1922|8|2|1847|3|3|mf=y}}

| death_place = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]

| death_place       = [[Beinn Bhreagh]], [[Nova Scotia]], Canada

| known_for          = {{nowrap|<!---The following is based on several reliable sources. Before changing, please discuss on the talk page:--->[[Invention of the telephone]]{{thinsp}}{{sup|b}}}}<br>Co-founder of [[Bell Telephone Company]], [[Bell Canada]] and [[AT&T Corporation|AT&T]]

}}

}}

'''Alexander Graham Bell''' (March 3, 1847 - August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born British-Canadian-American teacher, scientist, and inventor. He was the founder of the [[Bell Telephone Company]]. In 1876, Bell was the first inventor to [[patent]] the telephone, and he helped start the Bell Telephone Company with others in July 1877.<ref name="WDL"/> In 1879, this company joined with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. In 1880, they formed the American Bell Telephone Company, and in 1885, [[AT&T|American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)]], still a large company today. Along with [[Thomas Edison]], Bell formed the [[Oriental Telephone Company]] on January 25, 1881.

'''Alexander Graham Bell''' (March 3, 1847 – August 2, 1922) was a Scottish-born British-Canadian-American teacher, scientist, and inventor. He was the founder of the [[Bell Telephone Company]]. In 1876, Bell was the first inventor to [[patent]] the telephone, and he helped start the Bell Telephone Company with others in July 1877.<ref name="WDL"/> In 1879, this company joined with the New England Telephone Company to form the National Bell Telephone Company. In 1880, they formed the American Bell Telephone Company. In 1885, they formed the [[AT&T|American Telephone and Telegraph Company (AT&T)]], which is still a large company today. Along with [[Thomas Edison]], Bell formed the [[Oriental Telephone Company]] on January 25, 1881.

== Early life ==

== Early life ==

Alexander Graham Bell was born in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. His family was known for teaching people how to speak English clearly ([[elocution]]). Both his [[grandfather]], Alexander Bell, and his father, Alexander Melville Bell, taught elocution. His father wrote often about this and is most known for his invention and writings of [[Visible Speech]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1875–1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-24 }}</ref> In his writings he explained ways of teaching people who were [[deafness|deaf]] and [[Muteness|Mute]]. It also showed how these people could learn to speak words by watching their lips and reading what other people were saying.

Alexander Graham Bell was born in [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]]. His family was known for teaching people how to speak English clearly ([[elocution]]). Both his [[grandfather]], Alexander Bell, and his father, Alexander Melville Bell, taught elocution. His father wrote often about this and is most known for his invention and writings of [[Visible Speech]].<ref name="WDL">{{cite web |url = http://www.wdl.org/en/item/11375/ |title = Alexander Graham Bell Laboratory Notebook, 1875-1876 |website = [[World Digital Library]] |date = 1875–1876 |accessdate = 2013-07-24 }}</ref> In his writings he explained ways of teaching people who were [[deafness|deaf]] and [[Muteness|Mute]]. It also showed how these people could learn to speak words by watching their lips and reading what other people were saying.

Bell was an active supporter of the [[eugenics]] movement in the United States. He was the honorary president of the "Second International Congress of Eugenics" held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York in 1921.

Bell was an active supporter of the [[eugenics]] movement in the United States. He was the honorary president of the "Second International Congress of Eugenics" held at the [[American Museum of Natural History]] in New York in 1921.

As a teacher of the deaf, Bell did not want deaf people to teach in schools for the deaf. He was also against the use of [[sign language]]. These things mean that he is not appreciated by some deaf people in the present day.

Bell always wated to integrate the deaf and hard of hearing with the hearing world. Bell did not think highly of [[sign language]]; rather he wanted to use [[lip reading]] and [[speech therapy]] to help them. He outlined this in an 1898 paper<ref>{{Cite web|title=Image 1 of Pamphlet by Alexander Graham Bell, 1898|url=https://www.loc.gov/resource/magbell.37600801/|access-date=2021-06-11|website=Library of Congress, Washington, D.C.}}</ref> where he wrote that the deaf could be taught to [[Lip reading|read lips]] and speak (known as [[oralism]]).<ref>{{cite web|title=Alexander Graham Bell and His Role in Oral Education|url=https://www.disabilitymuseum.org/dhm/edu/essay.html?id=59#:~:text=Bell%20used%20his%20fame%20and,favor%20of%20speaking%20and%20lipreading.|website=Disabilitymuseum.org}}</ref>  This would make it possible to integrate them with the wider society.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/damnedfortheirdi00bran_0|title=Damned For Their Difference: The Cultural Construction Of Deaf People as Disabled: A Sociological History|last1=Miller|first1=Don|last2=Branson|first2=Jan|date=2002|publisher=Gallaudet University Press|isbn=978-1-56368-121-9|location=Washington, D.C.|pages=[https://archive.org/details/damnedfortheirdi00bran_0/page/30 30]–31, 152–153|url-access=registration}}</ref> Bell has been criticised by members of the [[Deaf culture|Deaf community]] for supporting ideas that could cause the closure of dozens of deaf schools, and what some consider [[Eugenics|eugenicist]] ideas.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Jay|first=Michelle|date=2020-01-02|title=Alexander Graham Bell - Helpful or Harmful? {{!}} Start ASL|url=https://www.startasl.com/alexander-graham-bell/|access-date=2022-03-11|language=en-US}}</ref> Bell did not support a ban on deaf people marrying each other, an idea articulated by the [[National Association of the Deaf (United States)]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=May 11, 2021|title=Eugenics and Deaf People in 20th Century America|url=https://medium.com/sun-shine/trigger-warning-allusion-to-the-holocaust-552353668|access-date=2022-06-28|website=Medium|language=en-US}}</ref> Although, in his memoir ''Memoir upon the Formation of a Deaf Variety of the Human Race'', Bell observed that if deaf people tended to marry other deaf people, this could result in the emergence of a "deaf race".<ref>{{Cite web|title=A Deaf Variety Of The Human Race|url=https://www.gallaudet.edu/history-through-deaf-eyes/online-exhibition/language-and-identity/a-deaf-variety-of-the-human-race/|access-date=2022-03-11|website=Gallaudet University|language=en-US}}</ref>  Ultimately, in 1880, the [[Second International Congress on Education of the Deaf]] passed a resolution preferring the teaching of oral communication rather than signing in schools.

== Alexander Graham Bell Media ==

== Alexander Graham Bell Media ==

File:The Bell Homestead National Historic Site, Brantford, Ontario, Canada, incl. Visitor Ctr, Henderson Home, Carriage House and Dreaming Place IMG 0039 09.JPG|[[Bell Homestead National Historic Site|Melville House]], the Bells' first home in North America, now a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]]

File:The Bell Homestead National Historic Site, Brantford, Ontario, Canada, incl. Visitor Ctr, Henderson Home, Carriage House and Dreaming Place IMG 0039 09.JPG|[[Bell Homestead National Historic Site|Melville House]], the Bells' first home in North America, now a [[National Historic Sites of Canada|National Historic Site of Canada]]

File:Bell at the Pemberton Avenue School for the Deaf, Boston, from the Library of Congress. 00837v.jpg|Bell, top right, providing [[Pedagogy|pedagogical instruction]] to teachers at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes, 1871. Throughout his life, he referred to himself as "a teacher of the deaf".

File:Bell at the Pemberton Avenue School for the Deaf, Boston, from the Library of Congress. 00837v.jpg|Bell, top right, providing [[Pedagogy|pedagogical instruction]] to teachers at the Boston School for Deaf Mutes, 1871; throughout his life, he referred to himself as "a teacher of the deaf"

File:Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png|Excerpts from Elisha Gray's patent caveat of February 14 and Alexander Graham Bell's lab notebook entry of March 8, note their similarity

File:Bell-gray-smoking-gun.png|Excerpts from Elisha Gray's patent caveat of February 14 and Alexander Graham Bell's lab notebook entry of March 8, note their similarity

File:TelephonePatentDrawingBell.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, March 7, 1876

File:TelephonePatentDrawingBell.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell's telephone patent drawing, March 7, 1876

File:Alexander Graham Telephone in Newyork.jpg|Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago in 1892

File:Alexander Graham Telephone in Newyork.jpg|Bell at the opening of the long-distance line from New York to Chicago in 1892

File:Alexander Graham Bell and family.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell, his wife [[Mabel Gardiner Hubbard]], and their daughters Elsie (left) and Marian ca. 1885

File:Alexander Graham Bell and family.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell, his wife [[Mabel Gardiner Hubbard]], and their daughters Elsie (left) and Marian c. 1885

File:Brodhead-Bell-Morton Mansion.jpg|The Brodhead–Bell mansion, the Bell family residence in Washington, D.C., from 1882 to 1889{{sfn|Bruce|1990|pp=297–299}}

File:Brodhead-Bell-Morton Mansion.jpg|The Brodhead–Bell mansion, the Bell family residence in Washington, D.C., from 1882 to 1889{{sfn|Bruce|1990|pp=297–299}}

File:AG Bell 1.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell in his later years

File:AG Bell 1.jpg|Alexander Graham Bell in his later years

File:Telephone Inventor’s Voice Heard in Restored Recording « Science World.theora.ogv|Bell's voice, from a Volta Laboratory recording in 1885. Restored by the Smithsonian in 2013.

File:Telephone Inventor’s Voice Heard in Restored Recording « Science World.theora.ogv|Bell's voice, from a Volta Laboratory recording in 1885. Restored by the Smithsonian in 2013.

* [http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722150632/http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ |date=2013-07-22 }}

* [http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ Alexander Graham Bell Association for the Deaf and Hard of Hearing] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722150632/http://listeningandspokenlanguage.org/ |date=2013-07-22 }}

[[Category:Scientists from Edinburgh]]

[[Category:Scientists from Edinburgh]]

[[Category:Royal Society of Arts]]

[[Category:Royal Society of Arts]]

[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]

[[Category:Naturalized citizens of Canada]]

[[Category:Electrical engineers]]

[[Category:Electrical engineers]]