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[[File:Gas Chromatography Laboratory.jpg|thumb|right|300 px|[[Gas chromatography]] laboratory]]

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'''Analytical chemistry''' is the part of [[chemistry]] that focuses on finding out what a substance is, how much of it there is, and what it is made of. It helps scientists figure out exactly what’s in a sample and in what amounts. A simple job would be to see how much [[zinc]] is in a piece of [[brass]]. This type of chemistry is very important in many fields. It is used in medicine to check [[drug]]s, in the [[environment]] to test [[air]] and [[water]], in [[crime ~~lab]]s~~ to study evidence, in factories to make sure products are safe, and in food testing to check for harmful chemicals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-05|title=1.1: What is Analytical Chemistry|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

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'''Analytical chemistry''' is the part of [[chemistry]] that focuses on finding out what a substance is, how much of it there is, and what it is made of. It helps scientists figure out exactly what’s in a sample and in what amounts. A simple job would be to see how much [[zinc]] is in a piece of [[brass]]. This type of chemistry is very important in many fields. It is used in medicine to check [[drug]]s, in the [[environment]] to test [[air]] and [[water]], in crime labs to study evidence, in factories to make sure products are safe, and in food testing to check for harmful chemicals.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2019-01-05|title=1.1: What is Analytical Chemistry|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_2.1_(Harvey)/01%3A_Introduction_to_Analytical_Chemistry/1.01%3A_What_is_Analytical_Chemistry|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

Analytical chemistry is usually split into two main parts. [[Qualitative analysis]] is about finding out what substances are in a sample.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Qualitative chemical analysis {{!}} Definition, Examples, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/qualitative-chemical-analysis|access-date=2025-06-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> [[Quantitative analysis (chemistry)|Quantitative analysis]] is about measuring how much of each substance is there.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Quantitative chemical analysis {{!}} Definition, Types, & Facts {{!}} Britannica|url=https://www.britannica.com/science/quantitative-chemical-analysis|access-date=2025-06-22|website=www.britannica.com|language=en}}</ref> Today, scientists often use tools that can do both at the same time. These tools help them get more detailed and accurate information. To study samples, analytical chemists use many different methods. Some popular ones include [[spectroscopy]] (which looks at how substances interact with [[light]]), [[chromatography]] (which separates substances), [[electrochemistry]] (which studies how substances use [[electricity]]), and [[mass spectrometry]] (which looks at the weight and charge of particles). They also use older methods like [[titration]] and weighing to find out what’s in a sample. Each method uses different properties, like how something absorbs light or conducts electricity, to help scientists learn more about what’s in a material.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-12-24|title=10.1: Overview of Spectroscopy|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Courses/Northeastern_University/CHEM_1000%3A_General_Chemistry/10%3A_Spectroscopic_Methods/10.1%3A_Overview_of_Spectroscopy|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-13|title=Chromatography|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Chromatography|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2024-02-11|title=2.1: Overview of Electrochemistry|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Analytical_Chemistry_Volume_II_(Harvey)/02%3A_Electrochemical_Methods/2.01%3A_Overview_of_Electrochemistry|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Citation|last1=Garg|first1=Eshita|title=Mass Spectrometer|date=2025|url=http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK589702/|work=StatPearls|place=Treasure Island (FL)|publisher=StatPearls Publishing|pmid=36944006|access-date=2025-06-22|last2=Zubair|first2=Muhammad}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-02|title=Titration|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Ancillary_Materials/Demos_Techniques_and_Experiments/General_Lab_Techniques/Titration|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

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* [[high-performance liquid chromatography|HPLC (high-performance liquid chromatography)]] and [[Gas chromatography|GC (gas chromatography)]], which separate different parts of a [[mixture]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-13|title=3.2: High Performance Liquid chromatography|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/03%3A_Principles_of_Gas_Chromatography/3.02%3A_High_Performance_Liquid_chromatography|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2013-10-02|title=Gas Chromatography|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Supplemental_Modules_(Analytical_Chemistry)/Instrumentation_and_Analysis/Chromatography/Gas_Chromatography|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

* [[Atomic absorption spectroscopy|AAS (atomic absorption spectroscopy)]] and [[Ultraviolet–visible spectroscopy|UV-Vis spectroscopy]], which look at how substances absorb light.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-13|title=1.4: Introduction to Atomic Absorption Spectroscopy|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/01%3A_Elemental_Analysis/1.04%3A_Introduction_to_Atomic_Absorption_Spectroscopy|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-13|title=4.4: UV-Visible Spectroscopy|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/04%3A_Chemical_Speciation/4.04%3A_UV-Visible_Spectroscopy|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref>

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* [[NMR spectroscopy|NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)]] and ~~[[Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy|~~FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy)]], which help identify molecules based on how they behave under certain conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-14|title=4.7: NMR Spectroscopy|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/04%3A_Chemical_Speciation/4.07%3A_NMR_Spectroscopy|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berthomieu|first1=Catherine|last2=Hienerwadel|first2=Rainer|date=2009|title=Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=101|issue=2–3|pages=157–170|doi=10.1007/s11120-009-9439-x|issn=1573-5079|pmid=19513810}}</ref>

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* [[NMR spectroscopy|NMR (nuclear magnetic resonance)]] and FTIR (Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy), which help identify molecules based on how they behave under certain conditions.<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-07-14|title=4.7: NMR Spectroscopy|url=https://chem.libretexts.org/Bookshelves/Analytical_Chemistry/Physical_Methods_in_Chemistry_and_Nano_Science_(Barron)/04%3A_Chemical_Speciation/4.07%3A_NMR_Spectroscopy|access-date=2025-06-22|website=Chemistry LibreTexts|language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Berthomieu|first1=Catherine|last2=Hienerwadel|first2=Rainer|date=2009|title=Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy|journal=Photosynthesis Research|volume=101|issue=2–3|pages=157–170|doi=10.1007/s11120-009-9439-x|issn=1573-5079|pmid=19513810}}</ref>

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Some tools combine methods to get even better results. For example, [[Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry|GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)]] and ~~[[Liquid chromatography–mass spectrometry|~~LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry)]] both separate substances and then identify them. These powerful machines are used in [[Laboratory|science lab]]s, [[hospital]]s, [[Factory|factories]], and more to make discoveries, test products, and solve problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: a practical guide|date=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-092015-3|editor-last=Sparkman|editor-first=O. David|edition=2nd|location=Burlington, MA|editor-last2=Penton|editor-first2=Zelda|editor-last3=Kitson|editor-first3=Fulton G.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pitt|first=James J.|date=2009|title=Principles and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical biochemistry|journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews|volume=30|issue=1|pages=19–34|issn=0159-8090|pmc=2643089|pmid=19224008}}</ref>

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Some tools combine methods to get even better results. For example, [[Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry|GC-MS (gas chromatography-mass spectrometry)]] and LC-MS (liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry) both separate substances and then identify them. These powerful machines are used in [[Laboratory|science lab]]s, [[hospital]]s, [[Factory|factories]], and more to make discoveries, test products, and solve problems.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Gas chromatography and mass spectrometry: a practical guide|date=2011|publisher=Academic Press|isbn=978-0-08-092015-3|editor-last=Sparkman|editor-first=O. David|edition=2nd|location=Burlington, MA|editor-last2=Penton|editor-first2=Zelda|editor-last3=Kitson|editor-first3=Fulton G.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal|last=Pitt|first=James J.|date=2009|title=Principles and applications of liquid chromatography-mass spectrometry in clinical biochemistry|journal=The Clinical Biochemist Reviews|volume=30|issue=1|pages=19–34|issn=0159-8090|pmc=2643089|pmid=19224008}}</ref>

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Analytical chemistry also focuses on making sure the methods used to collect [[data]] are reliable and trustworthy. This is very important in areas like [[medicine]] and [[environmental testing]], where accurate results can affect people’s health and safety. Scientists work hard to create and test methods that are precise (they give the same result each time), accurate (they give the correct result), sensitive (they can detect even tiny amounts), specific (they only measure what they are supposed to), robust (they still work well under different conditions), and reproducible (other scientists can get the same results). New tools and technologies are making analytical chemistry even more powerful. Tiny [[lab-on-a-chip]] systems, special [[sensor]]s called ~~[[biosensor]]s~~, and smart [[computer program]]s using [[machine learning]] are helping scientists do faster and more detailed testing. These advances are making it possible to study smaller samples, test many things at once, and get results in real time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vervoort|first1=Nico|last2=Goossens|first2=Karel|last3=Baeten|first3=Mattijs|last4=Chen|first4=Qinghao|date=2021|title=Recent advances in analytical techniques for high throughput experimentation|journal=Analytical Science Advances|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=109–127|doi=10.1002/ansa.202000155|issn=2628-5452|pmc=10989611|pmid=38716456}}</ref>

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Analytical chemistry also focuses on making sure the methods used to collect [[data]] are reliable and trustworthy. This is very important in areas like [[medicine]] and environmental testing, where accurate results can affect people’s health and safety. Scientists work hard to create and test methods that are precise (they give the same result each time), accurate (they give the correct result), sensitive (they can detect even tiny amounts), specific (they only measure what they are supposed to), robust (they still work well under different conditions), and reproducible (other scientists can get the same results). New tools and technologies are making analytical chemistry even more powerful. Tiny lab-on-a-chip systems, special [[sensor]]s called biosensors, and smart [[computer program]]s using [[machine learning]] are helping scientists do faster and more detailed testing. These advances are making it possible to study smaller samples, test many things at once, and get results in real time.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Vervoort|first1=Nico|last2=Goossens|first2=Karel|last3=Baeten|first3=Mattijs|last4=Chen|first4=Qinghao|date=2021|title=Recent advances in analytical techniques for high throughput experimentation|journal=Analytical Science Advances|volume=2|issue=3–4|pages=109–127|doi=10.1002/ansa.202000155|issn=2628-5452|pmc=10989611|pmid=38716456}}</ref>

Analytical chemistry has come a long way over time. In the beginning, scientists used simple methods like [[flame test]]s (where [[flame]]s change color based on the substance) and [[Chemical precipitation|precipitation reaction]]s (where [[solid]] forms in a [[liquid]]) to find out what materials were made of. These were mostly qualitative techniques, which helped identify substances. In the 1800s and 1900s, scientists like [[Robert Bunsen]], [[Gustav Kirchhoff]], and [[Fritz Haber]] made big discoveries that helped shape modern analytical chemistry. Because of their work, new methods like spectroscopy (using light to study substances) and electrochemistry (studying how substances react with electricity) were developed. Today, analytical chemistry uses advanced tools and is one of the most high-tech parts of chemistry. It plays a major role in many fields, including [[medicine]], [[nanotechnology]], [[environmental science]], and more.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Karayannis|first1=Miltiades I.|last2=Efstathiou|first2=Constantinos E.|date=2012|title=Significant steps in the evolution of analytical chemistry—Is the today's analytical chemistry only chemistry?|url=https://linkinghub.elsevier.com/retrieve/pii/S0039914012004705|journal=Talanta|language=en|volume=102|pages=7–15|doi=10.1016/j.talanta.2012.06.003 |pmid=23182569 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Analytical_chemistry|url=https://www.chemeurope.com/en/encyclopedia/Analytical_chemistry.html|access-date=2025-06-22|website=www.chemeurope.com|language=en}}</ref>

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Revision as of 19:26, 16 December 2025