Spectrometer

Comparison of different diffraction based spectrometers: Reflection optics, refraction optics, fiber optics

A spectrometer is an optical instrument used to measure properties of light over a specific portion of the electromagnetic spectrum.

The independent variable is usually the wavelength of the light. The variable measured is most often the light's intensity but could also, for instance, be the polarization state. A spectrometer is used in spectroscopy for producing spectral lines and measuring their wavelengths and intensities. Spectrometer is a term that is applied to instruments that operate over a very wide range of wavelengths, from gamma rays and X-rays into the far infrared.

In general, any particular instrument will operate over a small portion of this total range because of the different techniques used to measure different portions of the spectrum. Below optical frequencies (that is, at microwave, radio, and audio frequencies), the spectrum analyzer is a closely related electronic device.

Spectroscopes

Spectrometers are used in spectroscopic analysis to identify materials. Spectroscopes are used often in astronomy and some branches of chemistry. Early spectroscopes were simply a prism with graduations marking wavelengths of light. Modern spectroscopes, such as monochromators, generally use a diffraction grating, a movable slit, and some kind of photodetector, all automated and controlled by a computer. The spectroscope was invented by Gustav Robert Georg Kirchhoff and Robert Wilhelm Bunsen.

Reference works

• How to work with the spectroscope : a manual of practical manipulation with spectroscopes of all kinds

1882; Browning, John (1835-1925) NOT_IN_COPYRIGHT - online full-text download

Spectrometer Media

• 

  An XPS spectrometer

• 

  Spectrum of light emitted by a deuterium lamp in the UV, visible and near infrared part of the electromagnetic spectrum.

• 

  A positive charged particle moving in a circle under the influence of the Lorentz force F

• 

  Focus of a magnetic semicircular spectrometer

Related pages

• Spectroscopy

Other websites

• How to design a spectroscope Archived 2012-04-23 at the Wayback Machine
• A CD spectrometer Build from CD and cereal box - Spectrographs of common light sources
• Supplement: Build Yourself a Simple Hand-Held Spectrograph Archived 2007-10-16 at the Wayback Machine Sample spectra
• SPECTROSCOPY FOR THE SCHOOL Archived 2012-05-16 at the Wayback Machine Build a simple spectroscope from a CD
• CD spectrometer CD + cardboard tube or cereal box
• [1] Construction photos, razor-blade slit
• MiniSpectroscopy displays a visual representation (a "spectroscope view") of a sample spectrum simultaneously with a graphical (intensity vs. wavelength) representation.