Stress (biology)
Stress is a word used in psychology and medicine to describe a condition which may be seen in organisms.
Stress describes a living thing's response to a threat or some adverse change in its environment.[1] In psychology, stress is a feeling of emotional strain and pressure.[2] Stress is a type of psychological pain. Small amounts of stress may be beneficial, but more stress can increase the risk of strokes, heart attacks, ulcers, and mental illness, such as depression[3] in humans.
Types of stress[4]
There are different types of stress. Each type has different characteristics and symptoms.
- acute: stress causes immediate harm in a short time span. An example of this type of stress is having to finish an assignment quickly or avoiding a car crash.
- chronic: stress causes continued harm and frustration. An example of this type of stress is continued unhappiness with school. This type of stress wears organisms down.
- traumatic: stress after a scary and dangerous event. This stress causes fear. An example of this is experiencing a war or hurricane. This can lead to Post-Traumatic Stress Disorder (PTSD).
Stress response
Organisms can respond to stress in different ways.
- physical: changes happening in the body. An example is a fast heartbeat after giving a speech.
- mental: changes happening in the mind. An example is feeling unfocused due to difficulties at work.
- emotional: changes happening to an organism's emotions. An example is feeling worried or upset about an upcoming exam.
Stress may also lead to adaptations, which allow certain organisms to better deal with the stressors. Stress happens every day, and is part of every living thing's life. Too much stress is bad and can cause health problems. Stress plays a part in some physical problems, like heart disease. Stress also plays a part in many mental illnesses, like anxiety, Acute Stress Disorder, and PTSD. Acute Stress Disorder and PTSD are mental illnesses that can happen when a person experiences something that is very terrifying, like a major accident or a war. Another type of stress disorder is a "psychosomatic illness" where a person has physical symptoms that are caused by an emotional stress, not by physical harm.[5]
Stress management
There are different ways to deal with stress. One tip is to remove yourself from the stressor. For example if a school assignment is causing stress, taking a break from the assignment can be good. This break can include sleeping or engaging in hobbies. Physical activity and exercise reduce stress.[6] Social support from friends and family can be helpful. Health care professionals can help when stress is bad and affects physical or mental health. Relaxing with meditation and deep breathing can also manage stress.
Stress (biology) Media
Schematic overview of the classes of stresses in plants
Neurohormonal response to stress
Human brain:*hypothalamus = *amygdala = *hippocampus/fornix = *pons= *pituitary gland=
A diagram of the general adaptation syndrome model
References
- ↑ Greenberg, Neil; Carr, James A.; Summers, Cliff H. (2002). "Causes and consequences of stress". Integrative and Comparative Biology. 42 (3): 508–516. doi:10.1093/icb/42.3.508. PMID 21708746.
- ↑ "Stress" (in en). Mental Health America. 2013-11-18. http://www.mentalhealthamerica.net/conditions/stress. Retrieved 2018-10-01.
- ↑ Sapolsky, Robert M. (2004). Why Zebras Don't Get Ulcers. New York City: St. Martins Press. pp. 37, 71, 92, 271. ISBN 978-0-8050-7369-0.
- ↑ Arooj, Khan (January 28, 2023). "Technology tips". Technology tips. Archived from the original on 2023-01-29. Retrieved 2023-01-29.
- ↑ Levenson, James L. (2006). Essentials of Psychosomatic Medicine. American Psychiatric Press Inc. ISBN 978-1-58562-246-7.
- ↑ Sculy, D; Kremer, J; Meade, M; Graham, R; Dudgeon, K (1998). "Physical exercise and psychological well being: a critical review". Br J Sports Med. 32 (2): 111–120. doi:10.1136/bjsm.32.2.111. PMC 1756084. PMID 9631216.