Nerve impulse
A nerve impulse are the series of electrical signals that is generated in the neurons (nerve cells) in a response to stimulus.[1]
Mechanism of Conduction
Polarisation
When a neuron is not conduction or is in resting state the axonal membrane is more permeable to K+ ions and impermeable to Na+ ions. The sodium potassium pump actively pumps out 3Na+ ions to the extracellular fluid and takes in 2K+ ions into the cell. Due to the imbalance in charge, a potential difference is developed across the axonal membrane, also known as the resting potential (-70mV). The outer side of the membrane will have a positive charge while the inner side will have a negative charge.[2]
Depolarisation
When a stimulus (chemical, mechanical or electrical) is applied to the membrane the sodium potassium pump stops working. The Na+ ions will rush inside the cell followed by the reversal of polarity of the axonal membrane. Its also called depolarisation of the nerve fibre. The electric potential difference at the site of stimulus is called the action potential (+40mV).[2]
Repolarisation
As a result, the current will flow from depolarised part of nerve fibre to polarised part of the nerve fibre in the axoplasm, while current flows in opposite direction on the cell surface. Thus in this way a new action potential is generated up ahead in the nerve fibre. The time taken by the axonal membrane to get polarised again is called the refractory period (1ms). After the refractory period the sodium potassium pump will operate again and the membrane will return to resting state again.[2]
Special faster connections
Faster electrical synapses are used in escape reflexes, the retina of vertebrates, and the heart. They are faster because they do not need the slow diffusion of neurotransmitters across the synaptic gap. Therefore, electrical synapses are used whenever fast response and coordination of timing are crucial.
These synapses connect the presynaptic and postsynaptic cells directly together.[3] When an action potential reaches such a synapse, the ionic currents cross the two cell membranes and enter the postsynaptic cell through pores known as connexons.[4] Thus, presynaptic action potential directly stimulates the postsynaptic cell.
Nerve ImpulseSpecial Faster Connections Media
Shape of a typical action potential. The membrane potential remains near a baseline level until at some point in time, it abruptly spikes upward and then rapidly falls.
Action potential propagation along an axon
When an action potential arrives at the end of the pre-synaptic axon (top), it causes the release of neurotransmitter molecules that open ion channels in the post-synaptic neuron (bottom). The combined excitatory and inhibitory postsynaptic potentials of such inputs can begin a new action potential in the post-synaptic neuron.
In pacemaker potentials, the cell spontaneously depolarizes (straight line with upward slope) until it fires an action potential.
In saltatory conduction, an action potential at one node of Ranvier causes inwards currents that depolarize the membrane at the next node, provoking a new action potential there; the action potential appears to "hop" from node to node.
Cable theory's simplified view of a neuronal fiber. The connected RC circuits correspond to adjacent segments of a passive neurite. The extracellular resistances re (the counterparts of the intracellular resistances ri) are not shown, since they are usually negligibly small; the extracellular medium may be assumed to have the same voltage everywhere.
References
- ↑ Reinis, Stanislav; Goldman, Jerome M. (1982), Reinis, Stanislav; Goldman, Jerome M. (eds.), "The Nerve Impulse", The Chemistry of Behavior: A Molecular Approach to Neuronal Plasticity, Boston, MA: Springer US, pp. 51–58, doi:10.1007/978-1-4613-3590-0_3, ISBN 978-1-4613-3590-0, retrieved 2022-10-08
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Newman, P. P. (1980), "Nerve Impulses", Neurophysiology, Dordrecht: Springer Netherlands, pp. 27–57, doi:10.1007/978-94-011-6681-2_2, ISBN 978-94-011-6683-6, retrieved 2022-10-08
- ↑ Zoidl G. & Dermietzel R. (2002). "On the search for the electrical synapse: a glimpse at the future". Cell Tissue Res. 310 (2): 137–42. doi:10.1007/s00441-002-0632-x. PMID 12397368. S2CID 22414506.
- ↑ Brink P.R; Cronin K. & Ramanan S.V. (1996). "Gap junctions in excitable cells". J. Bioenerg. Biomembr. 28 (4): 351–8. doi:10.1007/BF02110111. PMID 8844332. S2CID 46371790.
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Other websites
- Interactive Synapse at LearnBio.org.