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Template:Full biological kingdom classification

Linnaeus
1735[1] 		Haeckel
1866[2] 		Chatton
1925[3][4] 		Copeland
1938[5][6] 		Whittaker
1969[7] 		Woese et al.
1977[8][9] 		Woese et al.
1990[10] 		Cavalier-Smith
1993[11][12][13] 		Cavalier-Smith
1998[14][15][16]
2 kingdoms 3 kingdoms 2 empires 4 kingdoms 5 kingdoms 6 kingdoms 3 domains 8 kingdoms 6 kingdoms
(not treated) Protista Prokaryota Monera Monera Eubacteria Bacteria Eubacteria Bacteria
Archaebacteria Archaea Archaebacteria
Eukaryota Protoctista Protista Protista Eucarya Archezoa Protozoa
Protozoa
Chromista Chromista
Vegetabilia Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae Plantae
Fungi Fungi Fungi Fungi
Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia Animalia


See also: Template:biological kingdom classification


  1. ↑ Linnaeus, C.. Systemae Naturae, sive regna tria naturae, systematics proposita per classes, ordines, genera & species (1735).
  2. ↑ Haeckel, E.. Generelle Morphologie der Organismen (1866)Reimer, Berlin.
  3. ↑ Chatton, É.. 'Pansporella perplexa. Réflexions sur la biologie et la phylogénie des protozoaires. Annales des Sciences Naturelles - Zoologie et Biologie Animale 10-VII (1925). p. 1–84.
  4. ↑ Chatton, É.. Titres et Travaux Scientifiques (1906–1937) (1937)Sette, Sottano, Italy.
  5. ↑ Copeland, H.. The kingdoms of organisms. Quarterly Review of Biology 13 (1938). p. 383–420. doi:10.1086/394568.
  6. ↑ Copeland, H. F.. The Classification of Lower Organisms (1956). Palo Alto: Pacific Books. doi:10.5962/bhl.title.4474.
  7. ↑ Whittaker, R. H.. New concepts of kingdoms of organisms. Science 163 (3863) (January 1969). p. 150–60. doi:10.1126/science.163.3863.150.
  8. ↑ Woese, C. R.. An ancient divergence among the bacteria. Journal of Molecular Evolution 9 (4) (August 1977). p. 305–311. doi:10.1007/BF01796092.
  9. ↑ Woese, C. R.. Phylogenetic structure of the prokaryotic domain: the primary kingdoms. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 74 (11) (November 1977). p. 5088–90. doi:10.1073/pnas.74.11.5088.
  10. ↑ Woese, C.. Towards a natural system of organisms: proposal for the domains Archaea, Bacteria, and Eucarya.. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 87 (12) (1990). p. 4576–9. doi:10.1073/pnas.87.12.4576.
  11. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1981. Eukaryote kingdoms: seven or nine?. Bio Systems 14 (3–4): 461–481. [1]
  12. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1992. Origins of secondary metabolism. Ciba Foundation Symposium 171: 64–80; discussion 80–7. [2]
  13. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. 1993. Kingdom protozoa and its 18 phyla. Microbiological Reviews 57 (4): 953–994. [3]
  14. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.. A revised six-kingdom system of life. Biological Reviews 73 (03) (1998). p. 203–66. doi:10.1111/j.1469-185X.1998.tb00030.x.
  15. ↑ Cavalier-Smith, T.. Only six kingdoms of life. Proceedings of the Royal Society of London B Biological Sciences 271 (2004). p. 1251–62. doi:10.1098/rspb.2004.2705. Retrieved 2010-04-29.
  16. ↑ Cavalier-Smith T. Kingdoms Protozoa and Chromista and the eozoan root of the eukaryotic tree. Biol. Lett. 6 (3) (June 2010). p. 342–5. doi:10.1098/rsbl.2009.0948.
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