Tower of Babel

The Tower of Babel by Pieter Bruegel the Elder (1563)

The Tower of Babel (Hebrew: מִגְדַּל בָּבֶלcode: he is deprecated , Migdal Bavel) story in Genesis 11:1–9 is a story that explains why the world's peoples speak different languages.^[1]^[2]^[3]^[4]

According to the story, a united humanity in the generations following the Great Flood, speaking a single language and migrating westward, comes to the land of Shinar (שִׁנְעָר). There they agree to build a city and a tower tall enough to reach heaven. God, observing their city and tower, felt insulted and confused the humans so that they could no longer understand each other. He then scatters them around the world.

Some modern scholars have associated the Tower of Babel with known structures, notably the Etemenanki, a ziggurat dedicated to the Mesopotamian god Marduk in Babylon. A Sumerian story with some similar elements is told in Enmerkar and the Lord of Aratta.^[5]

Tower Of Babel Media

German Late Medieval depiction of the tower's construction from a manuscript of Rudolf von Ems' Weltchronik, cgm 5 fol. 29r (c. 1370s)
Building the Tower of Babel (Gen. 11:4)
Hanging Gardens of Babylon (19th-century illustration), depicts the Tower of Babel in the background.
Reconstruction of the Etemenanki
Tower of Babel, by Lucas van Valckenborch, 1594, Louvre Museum
Turris Babel from Athanasius Kircher
The Confusion of Tongues by Gustave Doré, a woodcut depicting the Tower of Babel
Tower of Babel by Endre Rozsda (1958)

Citations

↑ Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. Retrieved 22 December 2012.
↑ Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195297515.
↑ Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. Random House. p. 315. ISBN 9780795337154.
↑ Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. p. 704. ISBN 9780195358704.
↑ Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version". Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (1): 108–111.

[Metzger2004-1] Metzger, Bruce Manning; Coogan, Michael D (2004). The Oxford Guide To People And Places Of The Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 28. ISBN 978-0-19-517610-0. Retrieved 22 December 2012.

[Levenson-2] Levenson, Jon D. (2004). "Genesis: Introduction and Annotations". In Berlin, Adele; Brettler, Marc Zvi (eds.). The Jewish Study Bible. Oxford University Press. p. 29. ISBN 9780195297515.

[3] Graves, Robert; Patai, Raphael (1986). Hebrew Myths: The Book of Genesis. Random House. p. 315. ISBN 9780795337154.

[4] Schwartz, Howard; Loebel-Fried, Caren; Ginsburg, Elliot K. (2007). Tree of Souls: The Mythology of Judaism. Oxford University Press. p. 704. ISBN 9780195358704.

[kramer-5] Kramer, Samuel Noah (1968). "The 'Babel of Tongues': A Sumerian Version". Journal of the American Oriental Society 88 (1): 108–111.

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