Wrongful conviction
Gravestone of George Johnson who was unjustly hanged in Arizona.
Miscarriage of justice is when a lawsuit ends with a result that is unfair, or wrong.[1] One example of this is when a person is found guilty of a crime they did not commit.[2] Miscarriages of justice are also known as wrongful convictions. People have spent years in prison, before the error was found. The sentence can be overturned, if there's new evidence, that was not known at the time of the trial. Trials have to follow a given schema. If the t is found that police or prosecutor committed some kind of misconduct at the original trial, the sentence may also be overturned ("undone").
Things that contribute to a wrongful conviction
The following can contribute to a wrongful conviction:
- Eyewitness accounts are unreliable. They are responsible for up to 70% of the wrongful convictions. Studies have shown that the way police lineups are done can change an eyewitness's memory of the suspect and this often leads to misidentification.[3] Witnesses also have considerable difficulty making accurate identifications with suspects from different ethnic groups such that "the rate of mistaken identification is significantly higher than most people tend to believe".[4] Elizabeth Loftus, a leading researcher in the field, says memory is so unreliable "the end result can be a highly confident witness testifying in a persuasive manner at trial about a detail that is completely false".[5]
- Pieces of evidence may be contaninated, while they are packaged or transported. Contamination can be introduced unintentionally by material that was not present when the crime was committed by anyone entering the crime scene after the event - by uninvolved witnesses who may become suspects, and by emergency responders, fire fighters, police officers and crime scene investigators themselves.[6] If proper protocols are not followed, evidence can also be contaminated when it is being analyzed or stored. A miscarriage of justice can occur when procedures to prevent contamination are not carried out carefully and accurately.[7]
- There may be errors, when analyzing forensic evidence.
- There may be false confessions. The Innocence Project found false confessions contribute to approximately 25% of wrongful convictions in murder and rape cases.[8] Certain suspects are more vulnerable to making a false confession under police pressure. This includes individuals who are intellectually impaired, and those who suffer from mental illness. Saul Kassin, a leading expert on false confessions, says that young people are also particularly vulnerable to confessing, especially when stressed, tired, or traumatized.[9]
References
- ↑ "United States v. Olano, 507 U.S. 725 (1993)". U.S. Supreme Court. Harvard Law School. April 26, 1993. p. 736.
In our collateral review jurisprudence, the term 'miscarriage of justice' means that the defendant is actually innocent.
- ↑ Garner, Bryan A. (June 25, 2009). miscarriage of justice (9th ed.). Black's Law Dictionary. p. 1088. ISBN 978-0-314-19949-2. Retrieved 2018-11-05.
A grossly unfair outcome in a judicial proceeding, as when a defendant is convicted despite a lack of evidence on an essential element of the crime. — Also termed a failure of justice.
- ↑ Garrett, Brandon L. (2020-01-13). "Wrongful Convictions". Annual Review of Criminology. 3 (1): 245–259. doi:10.1146/annurev-criminol-011518-024739. ISSN 2572-4568. S2CID 243044157. Archived from the original on 2020-03-21. Retrieved 2022-11-27.
- ↑ Ralph Slovenko, Testifying with Confidence, J Am Acad Psychiatry Law, Vol. 27, No. 1, 1999
- ↑ Loftus, Elizabeth F. (April 2019). "Eyewitness testimony". Applied Cognitive Psychology. 33 (4): 498–503. doi:10.1002/acp.3542. ISSN 0888-4080. S2CID 242557432.
- ↑ Suter, Glenn W.; Efroymson, Rebecca A.; Sample, Bradley E.; Jones, Daniel S. (2000-04-21). Ecological Risk Assessment for Contaminated Sites. CRC Press. ISBN 978-1-4200-5669-3.
- ↑ Giannelli, Paul C. (December 2007). "Wrongful Convictions and Forensic Science: The Need to Regulate Crime Labs". North Carolina Law Review. 86 (1): 163–235. ISSN 0029-2524. Retrieved 18 November 2014.
- ↑ Research Resources, Innocence Project.
- ↑ This psychologist explains why people confess to crimes they didn’t commit, Science 13 June 2019