Armistice of Villafranca
The armistice and preliminaries of Villafranca were signed on 11 July 1859 in Villafranca di Verona , in the Veneto , by France and Austria. It put an end to the Austro-Franco-Sardinian War which constitutes for Italy, the second Italian War of Independence.
After the difficult battles of Magenta (4 June) and Solferino (24 June), Napoleon III , without consulting his Sardinian ally Cavour , proposed the armistice on 8 July and an interview on 11 July with the Emperor of Austria François- Joseph I st. Although victorious, Napoleon III was frightened by the hecatomb (nearly 40,000 killed or wounded at Solferino) and the idea of having to continue an autumn and winter campaign against the Austrians entrenched in the quadrilateral. Moreover, the government and the Empress send him alarming information about the state of French opinion, Which is execrable. In particular, the Catholics, hitherto supported by the imperial regime, fear for the Papal States and the Pope's independence if Austria were eliminated from Italy. Finally, an anti-French feeling spread in Germany, where the Austrians were supported. The number of Prussian deaths is nearly 400 000 soldiers near the Rhine, stripped of French troops.
In Villafranca, it is agreed that Austria cedes Lombardy (except Mantua and Peschiera) to France, which restores it to the kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia. An Italian confederation under the presidency of Pope Pius IX was created, the Veneto under Austrian sovereignty being part of it. The dukes of Modena , Parma, and Tuscany, driven away by revolutions, found their thrones.
Cavour, not consulted, resigned on 10 July, while King Victor-Emmanuel II gave his agreement "in a personal capacity", thus leaving the door open to any governmental retraction.
These preliminaries were confirmed by the Treaty of Zurich of 11 November 1859.
Armistice Of Villafranca Media
Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy
Flag_of_France_(1794–1815,_1830–1974)
State Flag and War Ensign of the Kingdom of Sardinia (1816-1848)
Lombardy-Veneto, a vassal kingdom of Austria, the main object of the Villafranca armistice.
The borders (in red) of the German Confederation. Prussia in blue, the Austrian Empire in yellow, and Lombardy-Veneto included in the Austrian Empire but outside the confederation's borders.
Napoleon III of France proposed an armistice to Franz Joseph.
Franz Joseph portrayed in the year of Villafranca, 1859.
Victor Emmanuel II. As king of Sardinia he accepted, not without perplexity, the armistice conditions imposed by France and Austria.
The hall on the main floor of the Bottagisio Palace, in Villafranca, where the conversation between the two emperors took place.
Cavour, in open conflict with Victor Emmanuel over agreements made with France, resigned.
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