Autophagy
Autophagy (which means "eating itself"), is one of the basic cell mechanisms. It allows the controlled breaking down of cell parts which do not work, or are not needed.[1] The cell parts can then be recycled as required.[2][3]
There are several ways this happens. Targeted cell parts may be isolated from the rest of the cell in an autophagosome (a double-membraned vesicle).[4][5] The autophagosome fuses with lysosomes and the contents are broken down and recycled. In the extreme case of starvation, the breakdown of cellular components promotes cellular survival by maintaining cellular energy levels.
The name "autophagy" was coined by Belgian biochemist Christian de Duve in 1963.[1] The identification of autophagy-related genes in yeast in the 1990s let researchers figure out the mechanisms of autophagy.[6][7][8][9][10] This led to the award of the 2016 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine to Japanese researcher Yoshinori Ohsumi.[11]
Autophagy Media
A Diagram of the process of autophagy, which produces the structures autophagosomes (AP), and autolysosomes (AL); B Electron micrograph of autophagic structures AP and AL in the fat body of a fruit fly larva; C Fluorescently-labeled autophagosomes AP in liver cells of starved mice.
References
- ↑ 1.0 1.1 Klionsky D.J. 2008 (2008). "Autophagy revisited: a conversation with Christian de Duve". Autophagy. 4 (6): 740–3. doi:10.4161/auto.6398. PMID 18567941. S2CID 6198427.
- ↑ Mizushima N. & Komatsu M. 2011 (2011). "Autophagy: renovation of cells and tissues". Cell. 147 (4): 728–41. doi:10.1016/j.cell.2011.10.026. PMID 22078875. S2CID 18697221.
- ↑ Kobayashi S 2015 (2015). "Choose delicately and reuse adequately: the newly revealed process of autophagy". Biological & Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 38 (8): 1098–103. doi:10.1248/bpb.b15-00096. PMID 26235572. S2CID 42838133.
- ↑ Mizushima Noboru; Yoshimori, Tamotsu & Ohsumi, Yoshinori 2011 (2011). "The role of Atg proteins in autophagosome formation". Annual Review of Cell and Developmental Biology. 27 (1): 107–132. doi:10.1146/annurev-cellbio-092910-154005. PMID 21801009.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Xie Z. & Klionsky D.J. 2007 (2007). "Autophagosome formation: core machinery and adaptations". Nature Cell Biology. 9 (10): 1102–9. doi:10.1038/ncb1007-1102. PMID 17909521. S2CID 26402002.
- ↑ Klionsky D.J; Cueva R. & Yaver D.S. 1992 (1992). "Aminopeptidase I of Saccharomyces cerevisiae is localized to the vacuole independent of the secretory pathway". The Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (2): 287–99. doi:10.1083/jcb.119.2.287. PMC 2289658. PMID 1400574.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Takeshige K. et al 1992. (1992). "Autophagy in yeast demonstrated with proteinase-deficient mutants and conditions for its induction". The Journal of Cell Biology. 119 (2): 301–11. doi:10.1083/jcb.119.2.301. PMC 2289660. PMID 1400575.
- ↑ Thumm M. et al 1994 (1994). "Isolation of autophagocytosis mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". FEBS Letters. 349 (2): 275–80. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(94)00672-5. PMID 8050581. S2CID 26072787.
- ↑ Tsukada M. & Ohsumi Y. 1993 (1993). "Isolation and characterization of autophagy-defective mutants of Saccharomyces cerevisiae". FEBS Letters. 333 (1–2): 169–74. doi:10.1016/0014-5793(93)80398-e. PMID 8224160. S2CID 46017791.
- ↑ Harding T.M. et al 1995 (1995). "Isolation and characterization of yeast mutants in the cytoplasm to vacuole protein targeting pathway". The Journal of Cell Biology. 131 (3): 591–602. doi:10.1083/jcb.131.3.591. PMC 2120622. PMID 7593182.
- ↑ "The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2016". The Nobel Foundation. 3 October 2016. Retrieved 3 October 2016.