Bulgars
The Bulgars (also Bulghars, Bulgari, Bolgars, Bolghars, Bolgari,[1] Proto-Bulgarians[2]) were Turkic semi-nomadic warrior tribes that flourished in the Pontic–Caspian steppe and the Volga region during the 7th century. They became known as nomadic equestrians in the Volga-Ural region, but some researchers say that their ethnic roots can be traced to Central Asia.[3] During their westward migration across the Eurasian steppe, the Bulgar tribes absorbed other ethnic groups and cultural influences in a process of ethnogenesis, including Indo-European, Finno-Ugric and Hunnic tribes.[4][5][6][7][8][9] Modern genetic research on Central Asian Turkic people and ethnic groups related to the Bulgars points to an affiliation with Western Eurasian populations.[9][10][11] The Bulgars spoke a Turkic language, i.e. Bulgar language of Oghuric branch.[12] They preserved the military titles, organization and customs of Eurasian steppes,[13] as well as pagan shamanism and belief in the sky deity Tangra.[14]
Bulgars Media
Bulgars led by Khan Krum pursue the Byzantines at the Battle of Versinikia (813)
A 1926 painting depicting Kubrat (in center), ruler of Great Bulgaria.
The migration of the Bulgars after the fall of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.
Map of the Bulgar necropolises on the Lower Danube (8–9 century AD.)
The Bulgar migrations and settlements after the decline of Old Great Bulgaria in the 7th century.
Trade routes of the Black Sea region, 8th–11th centuries
The Madara Rider, an example of Bulgar art in Bulgaria, dated to the beginning of the 8th century
Reconstruction of the medieval landscape of Preslav
References
- ↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106.
- ↑ Gi︠u︡zelev, Vasil. The Proto-Bulgarians: Pre-history of Asparouhian Bulgaria text (1979). p. 15, 33, 38.
- ↑ Hyun Jin Kim. The Huns, Rome and the Birth of Europe (2013)Cambridge University Press. p. 58–59, 150–155, 168, 204, 243. ISBN 9781107009066.
- ↑ Golden 1992, p. 253, 256.
- ↑ McKitterick, Rosamond. The New Cambridge Medieval History (1995)Cambridge University Press. p. 229. ISBN 9780521362924.
- ↑ Sophoulis 2011, pp. 65–66, 68–69.
- ↑ Brook 2006, p. 13.
- ↑ Bulgaria: Arrival of the Bulgars. Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineEncyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Retrieved 3 June 2015.[dead link]
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Bulgar. Encyclopædia Britannica OnlineEncyclopædia Britannica, Inc.. Retrieved 3 June 2015.
- ↑ Cenghiz, Ilhan. Y-DNA Haplogroups in Turkic People. yhaplogroups.wordpress.com (2015).
- ↑ Suslova. HLA gene and haplotype frequencies in Russians, Bashkirs and Tatars, living in the Chelyabinsk Region (Russian South Urals).. International Journal of Immunogenetics 39 (5) (October 2012)Blackwell Publishing Ltd. p. 375–392. doi:10.1111/j.1744-313X.2012.01117.x.
- ↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 106–107.
- ↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 108–109.
- ↑ Waldman, Mason 2006, p. 109.
