Byzantine calendar
The Byzantine calendar was a calendar used by the Eastern Orthodox Church from the year 691 A.D. to 1728. It was also used by the Byzantine empire from 988 A.D. to 1453, when the empire fell, and by Russia from 988 A.D. to 1700. The Byzantine calendar is like the Julian calendar, but the year starts on 1 September instead of 1 January.[1] Year one of the Byzantine calendar is from 1 September, 5509 B.C. to 31 August, 5508 B.C.
Background
The Great Schism, dated to 1054, created two religions from what was formerly one.[2] The Western part later became the Roman Catholic Church. The Eastern part is known as the Eastern Orthodox Church. At that time the Roman Catholic church used the Julian calendar. In 1453 the Byzantine Empire collapsed ending the use of their calendar.[3] But others still used it, notably Russia. Numbering differences began to appear when the Gregorian calendar was introduced in 1582 by Pope Gregory XIII.[4]
Other differences
The Roman calendar did not include dates for Old Testament prophets.[5] The Byzantine calendar does.[5]
Russia
Peter the great became tsar of Russia in 1682.[6] At the time the Russians used a form of the Julian calendar with Byzantine influence.[7] The calendar year started on 1 September and not 1 January. The years were numbered from the date given as earth's creation and not from the birth of Christ. Peter changed the calendar to start on January 1 and numbered the years from Christ's birth. But he continued basing the calendar on the Julian system instead of the Gregorian calendar.[7] By the early 1800s the Russian calendar was 12 days behind the Gregorian calendar used by western Europe. So dating something between the two systems became a problem. Dating notations such as 1 March O.S. (meaning Old Style, Julian or Russian) were used. Another example is 16 May 1582 N.S. (New Style or Gregorian calendar). Other notations included both: 25 October/6 November 1917, trying to show how the same day appeared in different calendars.[7]
On 1 January 1700, by decree of Peter the Great, the Russian/Byzantine calendar was no longer used.[8]
Byzantine Calendar Media
Creation of Adam and Eve (Russian icon, 18th c.)
Chronicon Paschale, Venetian edition of 1729
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References
- ↑ Matthew Bunson, The Catholic Almanac's Guide to the Church (Huntington, IN: Our Sunday Visitor, 2001), p. 142
- ↑ Central and South-Eastern Europe 2004 (London; New York: Europa Publications, 2003), p. 27
- ↑ "Byzantine Empire Calendar". ByzantineEmpires.org. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ↑ "The Gregorian calendar". Time and Date AS. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Mary Ellen Hynes; Peter Mazar, Companion to the Calendar (Chicago, IL: Liturgy Training Publications, 1993), p. vii
- ↑ "Peter the Great Biography". Bio. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ↑ 7.0 7.1 7.2 C. T. Evans. "Notes on the Russian Calendar". Northern Virginia Community College. Retrieved 3 January 2016.
- ↑ James Cracraft, ''The Revolution of Peter the Great (Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press, 2003), p. 124