Cognitive bias
A cognitive bias happens when someone makes a bad choice that they think is a good choice. This bias is an important part of the study of cognitive psychology.[1]
Overview
Cognitive biases do happen. Primitive humans and animals do things which seem foolish later. The scientific method limits the results of cognitive bias. Cognitive bias is a natural consequence of our using "gut feelings"[clarification needed] to make decisions when those decisions cannot be made rational because the evidence is not available.[2]
List of cognitive biases
Some of the cognitive biases, are
- Gambler's fallacy, and False consensus effect, and Dunning–Kruger effect; These three are often in use, in regard to estimation, or when people are asked to judge the value of a quantity.
- Loss aversion, and Action bias, and Cheerleader effect; These three are often part of when deciding or choosing one option out of several.
- Cognitive dissonance, and Groupthink, and Selection bias, and Clustering illusion, and Gender bias, and Pareidolia; These six are used in hypothesis assessment (or when finding out if a statement is true or false).
- Apophenia, and Plant blindness, and Fundamental attribution error, and Pygmalion effect, are examples of causal attribution tasks. Those task are when people are asked to explain the causes of behavior and events.
- False memory, and
serial position effect. Those two are used in a recall task or memory task.
- Halo effect, and
Anthropomorphism; Those two are opinion reporting tasks, or when people answer questions in regard to their beliefs or opinions on political issues, moral issues, or social issues.
Other cognitive biases are, Anchoring biases. They include,
Other cognitive biases are Apophenia. It has several types,
Availability heuristic (also known as the availability bias)[12] is another cognitive biase. It includes or has to do with the following:
- Anthropocentric thinking[13]
- Anthropomorphism[14]
- Attentional bias[15]
- Frequency illusion or Baader–Meinhof phenomenon[16]
- Implicit association
- Salience bias[17] See also von Restorff effect.
- Survivorship bias
- Quantification bias[18] Related subject: McNamara fallacy.
- Well travelled road effect
| Name | Information | |
|---|---|---|
| Framing | ||
| Belief bias | ||
| Affinity bias | [19] | |
| Implicit bias | ||
| Priming bias | ||
| Hindsight bias | ||
| Anchoring bias | An example of the anchoring effect, is that a person can be more likely to buy a car if it is placed next to a more expensive model – the anchor. During negotiations, prices that are lower than the price of the anchor, may seem reasonable, or can even seem cheap to the buyer, even if those prices are (still) relatively higher than the actual market value of the car.[20][better source needed] [21] |
|
| Status quo bias | [22] [23] | |
| Self-serving bias | ||
| Confirmation bias | [24] [25] | |
| Embodied cognition | ||
| Overconfidence effect | [26] Related page: Dunning–Kruger effect. | |
| Fundamental attribution error | [27] | |
| Physical attractiveness stereotype | A habit or tendency to assume that people who are
physically attractive, are desirable for other reasons, too.[28] |
Other information
The notion of cognitive biases was introduced by Amos Tversky and Daniel Kahneman in 1972.[29]
Causes
It grew out of their experience of people's inability to reason with numbers.[clarification needed] Tversky, Kahneman, and colleagues showed several repeatable ways in which human judgments and decisions differ from rational choice. The heuristic people[clarification needed] use are mental shortcuts which provide swift estimates.[30] Heuristics are simple for the brain to compute but sometimes introduce "severe and systematic errors".
Cognitive Bias Media
Wikipedia’s list of 188 cognitive biases, grouped into categories and rendered by John Manoogian III (jm3) as a radial dendrogram (circle diagram). Category model by Buster Benson, biases linked to corresponding Wikipedia articles by TilmannR. The source below can be used to create translated or updated versions of this file.
The relation between cognitive bias, habit and social convention is still an important issue.
Related pages
References
- ↑ Haselton MG, Nettle D, Andrews PW (2005). "The evolution of cognitive bias.". In Buss D.M. (ed). The Handbook of Evolutionary Psychology. Hoboken, NJ, US: John Wiley & Sons Inc. pp. 724–746.
- ↑ Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (2002). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
- ↑ Common Source Bias, Key Informants, and Survey-Administrative Linked Data for Nonprofit Management Research. Public Performance & Management Review 43 (1) (2020-01-02). p. 232–256. doi:10.1080/15309576.2019.1657915. Retrieved 23 June 2021.
- ↑ Toward a synthesis of cognitive biases: how noisy information processing can bias human decision making. Psychological Bulletin 138 (2) (March 2012). p. 211–37. doi:10.1037/a0025940.
- ↑ Response bias explanation of conservative human inference. Journal of Experimental Psychology 85 (1) (1970). p. 66–74. doi:10.1037/h0029546.
- ↑ Formal representation of human judgment (1968). New York: Wiley. p. 17–52.
- ↑ "The Psychology Guide: What Does Functional Fixedness Mean?" (in en-US). PsycholoGenie. https://psychologenie.com/what-does-functional-fixedness-mean-in-psychology. Retrieved 2018-10-10.
- ↑ Neuropsychology in the Courtroom: Expert Analysis of Reports and Testimony (2008). New York: Guilford Press. p. 248. ISBN 978-1-59385-634-2.
- ↑ Judgment under Uncertainty: Heuristics and Biases. Science 185 (4157) (September 1974). p. 1124–1131. doi:10.1126/science.185.4157.1124.
- ↑ The tricky nature of skewed frequency tables: An information loss account of distinctiveness-based illusory correlations. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 60 (1) (1991). p. 24–36. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.60.1.24.
- ↑ Maranhão-Filho, P.. Neuropareidolia: diagnostic clues apropos of visual illusions.. Arquivos de neuro-psiquiatria 2009 (67 (4)). p. 1117-1123.
- ↑ Ease of Retrieval as Information: Another Look at the Availability Heuristic. Journal of Personality and Social Psychology 61 (2) (1991). p. 195–202. doi:10.1037/0022-3514.61.2.195. Retrieved 19 Oct 2014.
- ↑ Common origins of diverse misconceptions: cognitive principles and the development of biology thinking. CBE: Life Sciences Education 11 (3) (2012). p. 209–215. doi:10.1187/cbe.12-06-0074.
- ↑ Dehumanized Perception: A Psychological Means to Facilitate Atrocities, Torture, and Genocide?. Zeitschrift für Psychologie 219 (3) (January 2011). p. 175–181. doi:10.1027/2151-2604/a000065.
- ↑ Threat-related attentional bias in anxious and nonanxious individuals: a meta-analytic study. Psychological Bulletin 133 (1) (January 2007). p. 1–24. doi:10.1037/0033-2909.133.1.1.
- ↑ Just Between Dr. Language and I. Language Log (2005-08-07).
- ↑ Soprano, Michael. Cognitive Biases in Fact-Checking and Their Countermeasures: A Review. Information Processing & Management 61 (3) (2024-05-01). p. 103672. doi:10.1016/j.ipm.2024.103672.
- ↑ Maiers, Claire. Reading the Tea Leaves: Ethnographic Prediction as Evidence. Ethnographic Praxis in Industry Conference Proceedings 2018 (1) (2018). p. 351–363. doi:10.1111/1559-8918.2018.01212. Retrieved 2025-01-30.
- ↑ Thakrar, Monica. Council Post: Unconscious Bias And Three Ways To Overcome It. Forbes.
- ↑ Anchoring DefinitionInvestopedia. Retrieved September 29, 2015.
- ↑ Cho, I. et al. (2018) 'The Anchoring Effect in Decision-Making with Visual Analytics', 2017 IEEE Conference on Visual Analytics Science and Technology, VAST 2017 - Proceedings. IEEE, pp. 116–126. .
- ↑ Kahneman, D., Knetsch, J. L. and Thaler, R. H. (1991) Anomalies The Endowment Effect, Loss Aversion, and Status Quo Bias, Journal of Economic Perspectives.
- ↑ Dean, M. (2008) 'Status quo bias in large and small choice sets', New York, p. 52. Available at: http://www.yorkshire-exile.co.uk/Dean_SQ.pdf Archived 2010-12-25 at the Wayback Machine.
- ↑ Publication prejudices: An experimental study of confirmatory bias in the peer review system. Cognitive Therapy and Research 1 (2) (1977). p. 161–175. doi:10.1007/bf01173636.
- ↑ Cognitive dissonance and resistance to change: The influence of commitment confirmation and feedback on judgement usefulness of accounting systems. Accounting, Organizations and Society 26 (2) (2001). p. 141–160. doi:10.1016/s0361-3682(00)00008-8.
- ↑ Gimpel, Henner. Cognitive Biases in Negotiation Processes (in en). Lecture Notes in Business Information Processing. Negotiation, Auctions, and Market Engineering 2 (2008). Berlin, Heidelberg: Springer Berlin Heidelberg. p. 213–226. ISBN 978-3-540-77553-9. doi:10.1007/978-3-540-77554-6_16. Retrieved 2020-11-25.
- ↑ The attribution of attitudes. Journal of Experimental Social Psychology 3 (1967). p. 1–24. doi:10.1016/0022-1031(67)90034-0.
- ↑ Lorenz, Kate. (2005). "Do Pretty People Earn More?" http://www.CNN.com.
- ↑ Heuristics and Biases: The Psychology of Intuitive Judgment (2002). Cambridge: Cambridge University Press. p. 51–52. ISBN 978-0-521-79679-8.
- ↑ Social psychology and human nature: International Edition (2010). Belmont, USA: Wadsworth. p. 141.
