Compact fluorescent lamp
A compact fluorescent lamp (CFL), is a type of lamp (or light bulb) designed to fit into the same space and usually also the same socket as an incandescent bulb, but with the advantages of a fluorescent lamp. Many CFLs can directly replace an existing incandescent lamp. They were invented late in the 20th century and much used after the turn of the century (after 2000).
The purchase price of a CFL is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from CFLs looks different to light from incandescent lamps.[1] CFLs have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness. A CFL can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.[2]
As in other fluorescent lamps, electrified mercury vapor emits ultraviolet (UV) light. A phosphor converts it to visible light. The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube. It is usually in the plastic base of the bulb. If the ballast is in the bulb, the bulb is called a self-ballasted lamp. Most are electronic ballasts.
Lifespan
The average rated life of a CFL is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescents.[3] CFLs typically have a rated lifespan of 6,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.[4][5][6]
The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a CFL is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a CFL can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs".[7] The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes to avoid this problem. If the light must be switched on and off frequently, Cold cathode CFLs can be used. Cold cathode CFLs are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard CFLs.
Mercury content and recycling
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. Most CFLs contain an amount of mercury smaller than the tip of a ballpoint pen. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a cause for concern. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.
Alternatives
High-intensity discharge bulbs such as sodium-vapor, mercury-vapor, and metal-halide lamps are used for lighting large areas, although like fluorescent lamps they contain mercury. Their main advantage is much higher light output.
Halogen bulbs with a halogen capsule inside a standard incandescent bulb housing contain no mercury. They use more energy than CFLs, but less than traditional incandescents.
LED bulbs are also becoming a popular alternative. They are also mercury-free, and use about the same amount of energy as CFLs.
Compact Fluorescent Lamp Media
Non-integrated bi-pin double-turn CFL with G24d plug-in base
Emitted visible light spectrum of an incandescent lamp (mid) and a CFL (bottom)
Characteristic spectral power distributions (SPDs) for an incandescent lamp (left) and a CFL (right). The horizontal axes are in nanometers and the vertical axes show relative intensity in arbitrary units. Significant peaks of UV light are present for CFL even if not visible
A photograph of various lamps illustrates the effect of color temperature differences. From left to right: • Compact Fluorescent (General Electric, 13 W, 6500 K) • Incandescent (Sylvania, 60 W, Extra Soft White) • Compact Fluorescent (Bright Effects, 15 W, 2644 K • Compact Fluorescent (Sylvania, 14 W, 3000 K)
Energy use for different types of light bulbs operating at different light outputs. Points lower on the graph correspond to lower energy use
Compact fluorescent lamp with wall-mounted holder
Dimmable integrated helical CFL that dims 2–100%, comparable to standard light bulb dimming properties
Voltage and current for a 120 V 60 Hz 30-watt compact fluorescent lamp. Because the current is heavily distorted, the power factor of this lamp is only 0.61. The lamp takes 29 watts, but 39 volt-amperes due to this distortion.
A CFL used outside of a building
Related pages
References
- ↑ "Spectra of Different Light Sources". Archived from the original on December 9, 2006. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- ↑ "Energy Star CFL Introduction Page". Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2007-05-11.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: bot: original URL status unknown (link) - ↑ "The National Energy Foundation - Low Energy Lighting - How to Save with CFLs". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-09-09.
- ↑ General Electric Incandescent lamps TP110, technical pamphlet published in 1976, no ISBN or Library of Congress number, page 8
- ↑ "Osram Dulux EL Energy-Saving Lamps" (PDF). Osram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-22. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ↑ "IEC 60969 - Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services - Performance requirements". Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Program. Archived from the original on Feb 26, 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ↑ "When to turn off your lights". Energy Savers. United States Department of Energy. 2009-02-24. Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2009-07-03.