Drosophila melanogaster
Drosophila melanogaster is a small, common fly found near rotting fruit. It has been in use for over a century to study genetics and lends itself well to behavioral studies.
| Drosophila melanogaster | |
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| Male Drosophila melanogaster | |
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| Drosophila melongaster | |
History
Thomas Hunt Morgan studied Drosophila early in the 1900s.[1] He and his team were the first to discover sex-linkage and genetic recombination, which placed the small fly in the forefront of genetic research.[2]
Due to its small size, ease of culture and short generation time, geneticists have been using Drosophila ever since. It is one of the organisms whose entire genome is known, and many hundreds of genes have been identified and studied.
Life
Fruit flies are easily obtained from the wild and most biological science companies carry a variety of different mutations. In addition these companies sell equipment to culture the flies. Costs are relatively low and most equipment can be used year after year.
Behaviour
Vision
The fly's vision is its most important sense organ. Approximately two thirds of the Drosophila brain is dedicated to visual processing.[3] Although their ability to distinguish fine detail is worse than that of humans, their ability to time things (such as flight) is about ten times better.
The compound eye of the fruit fly contains 760 units or ommatidia, and are one of the most advanced among insects. Each ommatidium contains eight photoreceptor cells (R1–8), support cells, pigment cells, and a cornea (lens). Wild-type flies have reddish pigment cells, which serve to absorb excess blue light so the fly is not blinded by ambient light.
Flight
The wings of a fly are capable of beating at up to 220 times per second. Flies fly via straight sequences of movement interspersed by rapid turns called saccades. During these turns, a fly is able to rotate 90 degrees in fewer than 50 milliseconds.
It was long thought that the characteristics of Drosophila flight were dominated by the viscosity of the air, rather than the inertia of the fly body. However, research has shown that flies perform banked turns, where the fly accelerates, slows down while turning, and accelerates again at the end of the turn. This indicates that inertia is the dominant force, as is the case with larger flying animals.[4][5][6]
Reproduction
In order to mate with a female fruit fly, the male fruit fly has to do a special courting dance.[7]
- First, he faces the female.
- Then, he follows the female around.
- Taps her on the leg
- Vibrates a wing
- Positions himself behind the abdomen of the female, licks her genitalia.
- Finally, the male fruit fly attempts copulation by curling his abdomen under hers. The female can, however, kick the male away from it with her legs.
The sexual intercourse usually lasts from about 15–20 minutes, in which several hundred relatively long sperm are released into the female’s body. The female then stores these sperm in her spermathecae, and then becomes pregnant. It only takes the female a few days to give birth to about five eggs.
Some reports have the wing vibration earlier in the procedure. In any event, there are some differences between even closely related species.
References
- ↑ Allen, Garland E. 1978. Thomas Hunt Morgan: the man and his science. Princeton University Press.
- ↑ Kohler, Robert E. 1994. Lords of the fly: Drosophila genetics and the experimental life. Chicago University Press. ISBN 0-226-45063-5
- ↑ Rein K; Zockler M; Mader M.T; Grubel C; and Heisenberg M. (2002). "The Drosophila standard brain". Current Biology. 12 (3): 227–231. doi:10.1016/S0960-9822(02)00656-5. PMID 11839276.
{{cite journal}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link) - ↑ Caltech Press Release 4/17/2003
- ↑ S. Fry and M. Dickinson (2003). "The aerodynamics of free-flight maneuvers in Drosophila". Science. 300 (5618): 495–8. doi:10.1126/science.1081944. PMID 12702878.
- ↑ T. Hesselberg and F.-O. Lehmann (2007). "Turning behaviour depends on frictional damping in the fruit fly "Drosophila"". The Journal of Experimental Biology. 210 (Pt 24): 4319–34. doi:10.1242/jeb.010389. PMID 18055621.
- ↑ Sokolowski, Maria B. The mating dance of the fruit fly. New York Times. [1]