Eggshell
An eggshell is the outer covering of a hard-shelled egg and of some forms of eggs with soft outer coats. It is a main character of the cleidoic egg, which allows amniotes to breed on land.
Worm
Worms eggs present a three layered structure with an External Vitellin Layer, a Chitin Layer that confers mechanical resistance and an internal Lipid-rich layer that makes the egg chamber impermeable.[1]
Amniotes
Amniotes developed the cleidoic egg early in the Carboniferous period, and this meant they could live and reproduce on dry land. These early land animals evolved into the reptiles, birds and mammals of today. In contrast, the amphibia are land animals who must lay their eggs in water, because the eggs are not protected by a shell.
The structure and composition of the eggshell protects the egg against damage, microbial contamination, and desiccation (drying out). Small molecules can pass through it, so the shell allows gas exchange for the growing embryo. It also provides calcium for the embryo's skeleton.
Reptile eggs
While many reptiles lay eggs with flexible, calcified, eggshells, there are some that lay hard eggs. Eggs laid by snakes generally have leathery shells which often adhere to one another. Depending on the species, turtles and tortoises lay hard or soft eggs. Several species lay eggs which are nearly the same as bird eggs.
Bird eggs
The normal bird egg is a fertilized egg sitting on the yolk surface and surrounded by albumen, or egg white. The albumen in turn is surrounded by two shell membranes (inner and outer membranes) and then the eggshell. The chicken eggshell is 95-97% calcium carbonate crystals, which are held together by a protein matrix.[2][3][4]
While the bulk of eggshell is made of calcium carbonate, it is now thought that the protein matrix has an important role to play in eggshell strength.[5] These proteins affect crystallization, which in turn affects the eggshell structure.
The average laying hen, takes about 20 hours to make the shell. Pigmentation is added to the shell by papillae lining the oviduct, coloring it any of a variety of colors and patterns depending on the species.
Eggshell Media
A broken wild bird eggshell
Butterfly embryo / caterpillar visible through transparent eggshell
This chicken egg has been soaked in vinegar for a few days and has become translucent and flexible.
Modified version of Image:Anatomy of an egg.svg
Chicken egg with irregular calcification
Structure revealed by light
Related pages
References
- ↑ Benenati G, Penkov S, Müller-Reichert T, Entchev EV, Kurzchalia TV (May–Jun 2009). "Two cytochrome P450s in Caenorhabditis elegans are essential for the organization of eggshell, correct execution of meiosis and the polarization of embryo". Mech Dev. 126 (5–6): 382–93. doi:10.1016/j.mod.2009.02.001. PMID 19368796. S2CID 17220562.
- ↑ Arias, J. L.; Fernandez, M.S. (2001). "Role of extracellular matrix molecules in shell formation and structure". World's Poultry Science Journal. 57 (4): 349–357. doi:10.1079/WPS20010024. S2CID 86152776.
- ↑ Nys, Yves; Gautron, Joël; Garcia-Ruiz, Juan M.; Hincke, Maxwell T. (2004). "Avian eggshell mineralization: biochemical and functional characterization of matrix proteins". Comptes Rendus Palevol. 3 (6–7): 549–62. doi:10.1016/j.crpv.2004.08.002.
- ↑ Hunton, P (2005). "Research on eggshell structure and quality: an historical overview". Revista Brasileira de Ciência Avícola. 7 (2): 67–71. doi:10.1590/S1516-635X2005000200001.
- ↑ http://ict.udg.co.cu/FTPDocumentos/Literatura%20Cientifica/Maestria%20Nutricion%20Animal/6.%20EVENTOS%20RELEVANTES/XVII%20Congreso%20Avicultura/confs/hunton1.htm[dead link]