Fight or flight response
The fight-or-flight response (or acute stress response) is a set of physiological changes that occur when an animal is threatened.[1] The changes include increased heart rate, breathing rate and blood pressure.
This response was first described by W.B Cannon.[2] He found that animals react to threats with a general discharge of the sympathetic nervous system. This leads to changes such as those mentioned above. The changes prepare the animal for fighting or fleeing.[3] This response is the first stage of a general adaptation that regulates stress responses among vertebrates and other organisms.[4]
Evolutionary perspective
The fight or flight response lets animals respond quickly to threats.[5][6] This system is universal in vertebrates. That shows it is ancient in origin, and very important.
Humans have some problems with the system, because though they share the physiology with other animals, they rarely face a clear-cut fight or flight choice. Humans can try to talk their way through various problems and semi-threats, but they may suffer stress when the issues are not easily solved.[7]
Other responses
Animals respond in many ways to situations which threaten them. The fight/flight choice is just one alternative. At one extreme is the way mother cats with kittens will defend them to the death if necessary. Another situation is the way many animals keep still when a predator is nearby. Their camouflage is often effective.
Fight Or Flight Response Media
An infographic displaying the fight-or-flight response
- lit. Stumbro medžioklė
References
- ↑ Cannon, Walter (1932). Wisdom of the body. United States: W.W. Norton. ISBN 0393002055.
- ↑ Cannon W.B. (1929). Bodily changes in pain, hunger, fear, and rage. New York: Appleton-Century-Crofts.
- ↑ Jansen, A; et al. (1995). "Central command neurons of the sympathetic nervous system: basis of the fight-or-flight response". Science. 5236 (270).
- ↑ Gozhenko, A.; et al. (2009). Pathology: theory. Medical Student's Library. Radom. pp. 270–275.
- ↑ Grohol, John. "What's the purpose of the fight or flight response?". Archived from the original on 23 March 2013. Retrieved 18 April 2013.
- ↑ Goldstein, David; Kopin, I (2007). "Evolution of concepts of stress". Stress. 10 (2): 109–20. doi:10.1080/10253890701288935. PMID 17514579. S2CID 25072963.
- ↑ Mayo Clinic Staff. Stress symptoms: Effects on your body, feelings and behavior. Mayo Clinic.