Firework
A firework is an explosive pyrotechnic device that is used mostly for entertainment. The most common use of a firework is as part of a fireworks display.
Fireworks (devices) are made to have these four effects: They make noise, light, smoke, and sometimes produce floating materials (confetti for example). They may be designed to burn with colored flames and sparks. Displays are common throughout the world and are a main point of many different cultural and religious festivals. Independence Day,[1] New Year's Eve and Guy Fawkes Night are examples.
Some fireworks are ground-based, and others are shot into the air. Because they explode and can cause fires or burns, most countries have laws that only allow trained professionals to use display fireworks. Smaller, less explosive fireworks are available to regular, everyday people, but they are still dangerous and cause injuries each year.
History
Fireworks dates back to the 7th century and originated in China. The Chinese developed many different kinds of fireworks with a variety of effects and color.[2] The art and science of firework making developed into an independent profession. In China, pyrotechnicians were respected for their knowledge of complex techniques in mounting firework displays.[3]
During the Song Dynasty (960-1279), many of the common people could purchase various kinds of fireworks from market vendors,[4] and grand displays of fireworks were also known to be held. In 1110, a large fireworks display in a martial demonstration was held to entertain Emperor Huizong of Song (r. 1100-1125) and his court.[5] A record from 1264 states that a rocket-propelled firework went off near the Empress Dowager Gong Sheng and startled her during a feast held in her honor by her son Emperor Lizong of Song (r. 1224–1264).[6]
Rocket propulsion was common in warfare, as evidenced by the Huolongjing compiled by Liu Ji (1311–1375) and Jiao Yu (fl. c. 1350–1412).[7] In 1240 the Arabs acquired knowledge of gunpowder and its uses from China. A Syrian named Hasan al-Rammah wrote of rockets, fireworks, and other incendiaries, using terms that suggested he derived his knowledge from Chinese sources, such as his references to fireworks as "Chinese flowers".[2][5]
The New Year's Eve celebrations for 2014 in Dubai broke the world record for biggest fireworks display.[8]
Further reading
- Kazuma, Saeki (2004). Hanabi−no Hon（Fireworks Book）. Tankosha. ISBN 4-473-03177-2.
Firework Media
An illustration of a fireworks display from the 1628–1643 edition of the Ming Dynasty novel Jin Ping Mei
An etching of the Royal Fireworks display on the Thames, London, England, in 1749
An 18th-century illustration of Chinese fireworks from an English abstract of an account of China by French Jesuit Pierre Nicolas d'Incarville
A firework display for Muḥammad Sháh, portrayed seated and leaning against a bolster
Two ignited Catherine wheels spinning during a traditional Maltese feast
A ground firework showing various technical parts mentioned in the article, such as the chain and a set of gears
A firework rocket preparing its launch on the American Independence Day
video che ritrae alcuni fuochi d'artificio
An episode of About Safety, a 1970s educational children's show, which reveals the hazards of improper firework usage
2017 Dutch Safety Board report on fireworks risks (English subtitles)
Fireworks at the Danube. As seen from the of Number 3. Sashegy Elevation. Budapest, Hungary, Central Europe. Filmed on the 20th of August, 2017, after 9 PM.
References
- ↑ "Why do We Celebrate July 4 with Fireworks?".
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Temple, Robert K.G. 2007. The genius of China: 3,000 years of science, discovery, and invention. 3rd ed, London: André Deutsch, 256-265. ISBN 9780233002026
- ↑ Hutchins, Paul (2009). The secret doorway: beyond imagination. Imagination Publishing. pp. 27. ISBN 9780981712338.
- ↑ Gernet, Jacques 1962. Daily life in China on the eve of the Mongol invasion, 1250-1276. Translated by H.M. Wright. Stanford: Stanford University Press, 186. ISBN 0-8047-0720-0.
- ↑ 5.0 5.1 Kelly, Jack 2004. Gunpowder: alchemy, bombards & pyrotechnics: the history of the explosive that changed the world. New York:Basic Books. ISBN 0465037186.
- ↑ Crosby, Alfred W. 2002. Throwing fire: projectile technology through history. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, 100–103. ISBN 0-521-79158-8
- ↑ Needham, Volume 5, Part 7, 489–503.
- ↑ "Dubai welcomes 2014 with fireworks display, breaks Guinness world record - Indian Express". archive.indianexpress.com.
Other websites
Media related to Firework at Wikimedia Commons- How Fireworks work
- Illegal Explosive Devices Archived 2008-09-24 at the Wayback Machine
- About.com The Chemistry of Firework Colors Archived 2006-12-08 at the Wayback Machine