Fluorescent lamp
A fluorescent lamp is a type of electric light (lamp) that uses ultraviolet emitted by mercury vapor to excite a phosphor, which emits visible light. There are two general types, traditional fluorescent and compact fluorescent. This article is about traditional (straight tube shaped) fluorescent lamps.
The purchase price of a fluorescent lamp is often much higher than an incandescent lamp of the same output, and the light from fluorescent lamps looks different to light from incandescent lamps.[1] Fluorescent lamps have a longer rated life and use less energy than an incandescent lamp of the same brightness. A fluorescent lamp can save over US$30 in electricity costs over the lamp’s lifetime compared to an incandescent lamp.[2]
How it works
An electric current is applied to mercury vapor inside the tube, causing it to emit ultraviolet (UV) light. A phosphor on the walls of the tube absorbs the ultraviolet light. This causes an electron to jump up to an orbital with a higher energy. When the electron drops back down to its normal orbital, the phosphor re-emits its energy as visible light.
The ballast
The ballast prevents too much electricity from flowing through the tube. It also starts the lamp with a high voltage for a split second when it is switched on. The ballast is located inside the fixture in traditional fluorescent tube fixtures. In compact fluorescent bulbs the ballast is in or near the base of the bulb. There are two types of ballasts, magnetic and electronic. Magnetic ballasts have mostly fallen out of use, as they are less efficient than electronic ballasts, they cause the bulb to flicker, and they do not start instantly. Electronic ballasts were at one time more expensive than magnetic ballasts, but now the price is about the same.
Lifespan
The average rated life of a fluorescent light bulb is 8 to 15 times longer that of incandescent light bulbs.[3] Fluorescent light bulbs typically have a rated lifespan of 7,000 to 15,000 hours, whereas incandescent lamps are usually manufactured to have a lifespan of 750 hours or 1,000 hours.[4][5][6]
The lifetime of any lamp depends on many factors, including operating voltage, manufacturing defects, exposure to voltage spikes, mechanical shock, frequency of cycling on and off, lamp orientation, and ambient operating temperature. The life of a fluorescent lamp is significantly shorter if it is turned on and off frequently. In the case of a 5-minute on/off cycle the lifespan of a fluorescent lamp can be reduced to "close to that of incandescent light bulbs".[7] The U.S. Energy Star program suggests that fluorescent lamps be left on when leaving a room for less than 15 minutes so that this problem does not happen. If the light must be switched on and off often, Cold cathode fluorescent lamps can be used. Cold cathode fluorescent lamps are designed for many more on/off cycles than standard lamps.
Mercury content and recycling
The mercury inside the tube is toxic and makes these bulbs hazardous waste. The bulbs must be taken to a recycling center after they stop working. During normal use, the mercury cannot escape, although it will escape if the bulb is broken. If a single bulb breaks, it is not usually a problem. It is recommended to open windows to air out the room, and to clean up broken glass with duct tape instead of a vacuum cleaner.
Alternatives
Many people and businesses do not want to use fluorescent lamps due to their mercury content. Halogen, LED, and traditional incandescent bulbs are possible alternatives.
LED tubes can be installed in fluorescent tube fixtures, but sometimes an electrician needs to rewire the fixture first to remove the ballast.
Fluorescent Lamp Media
Linear fluorescent lamps illuminating a pedestrian tunnel
Top: two non-integrated compact fluorescent lamps. Bottom: two fluorescent tube lamps. Both types require a ballast in the light fixture. A matchstick, left, is shown for scale.
Typical F71T12 100 W G13 bi-pin lamp used in tanning beds. The (Hg) symbol indicates that this lamp contains mercury. In the US, this symbol is now required on all mercury-containing fluorescent lamps.
A "tombstone" style lamp-holder for T12 and T8 G13 bi-pin fluorescent lamps
Inside the lamp end of a preheat G13 lamp. In this lamp, the filament is surrounded by an oblong metal cathode shield, which helps reduce lamp end darkening.
One of the first mercury vapor lamps invented by Peter Cooper Hewitt, 1903. It was similar to a fluorescent lamp without the fluorescent coating on the tube and produced greenish light. The round device under the lamp is the ballast.
American electrical engineer Peter Cooper Hewitt (1861-1921), the inventor of the mercury vapor lamp and the mercury vapor rectifier. He is holding one of his mercury vapor rectifier tubes.
Close-up of the cathodes of a germicidal lamp (an essentially similar design that uses no fluorescent phosphor, allowing the electrodes to be seen)
A germicidal lamp uses a low-pressure mercury-vapor glow discharge identical to that in a fluorescent lamp, but the uncoated fused quartz envelope allows ultraviolet radiation to transmit.
Different ballasts for fluorescent and discharge lamps
Starting a preheat lamp. The automatic starter switch flashes orange each time it attempts to start the lamp.
A 65-watt fluorescent lamp starting on a semi-resonant start circuit
Fluorescent lamp with an electronic ballast.
The "beat effect" problem created when shooting films under standard fluorescent lighting
Related pages
References
- ↑ "Spectra of Different Light Sources". Archived from the original on 2006-12-09. Retrieved 2007-04-23.
- ↑ "Energy Star CFL Introduction Page". Archived from the original on 2008-09-16. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ↑ "The National Energy Foundation - Low Energy Lighting - How to Save with CFLs". Archived from the original on 2011-09-29. Retrieved 2011-09-26.
- ↑ General Electric Incandescent lamps TP110, technical pamphlet published in 1976, no ISBN or Library of Congress number, page 8
- ↑ "Osram Dulux EL Energy-Saving Lamps" (PDF). Osram. Archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-07-22. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ↑ "IEC 60969 - Self-ballasted lamps for general lighting services - Performance requirements". Collaborative Labelling and Appliance Standards Program. Archived from the original on Feb 26, 2008. Retrieved 2007-12-24.
- ↑ "When to turn off your lights". Energy Savers. United States Department of Energy. 2009-02-24. Archived from the original on 2009-07-25. Retrieved 2009-07-03.