Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor
Frederick II (26 December 1194 – 13 December 1250), was one of the most powerful Holy Roman Emperors of the Middle Ages and head of the House of Hohenstaufen. His political and cultural ambitions, based in Sicily and stretching through Italy to Germany, and even to Jerusalem, were enormous. However, his enemies, especially the popes, prevailed, and his dynasty collapsed soon after his death. Historians have searched for superlatives to describe him, as in the case of Professor Donald Detwiler, who wrote:
| Frederick II | |
|---|---|
 | |
| Holy Roman Emperor; King of Italy | |
| 1220–1250 | |
| 22 November 1220 (Rome) | |
| Predecessor | Otto IV |
| Successor | Conrad IV |
| King of Germany formally King of the Romans | |
| 1212–1220 | |
| Coronation | 9 December 1212 (Mainz) 25 July 1215 (Aachen) |
| Predecessor | Otto IV |
| Successor | Henry (VII) |
| King of Sicily | |
| 1198–1250 | |
| Coronation | 3 September 1198 (Palermo) |
| Predecessor | Henry VI |
| Successor | Conrad I |
| King of Jerusalem | |
| 1225–1228 | |
| Coronation | 18 March 1229, Jerusalem |
| Predecessor | Yolande |
| Successor | Conrad II |
| Born | 26 December 1194 Iesi, Marche, Italy |
| Died | 13 December 1250 (aged 55) Castel Fiorentino, Apulia, Italy |
| Burial | |
| Spouse | Constance of Aragon Yolande of Jerusalem Isabella of England Bianca Lancia (?) |
| Issue | Henry VII of Germany Conrad IV of Germany Henry Otto, Governor of Sicily Margaret, Margravine of Meissen Anna, Empress of Nicaea Manfred, King of Sicily Violante, Countess of Caserta Enzo of Sardinia |
| House | House of Hohenstaufen |
| Father | Henry VI, Holy Roman Emperor |
| Mother | Constance, Queen of Sicily |
| Religion | Roman Catholicism[1] |
A man of extraordinary culture, energy, and ability – called by a contemporary chronicler stupor mundi (the wonder of the world), by Nietzsche the first European, and by many historians the first modern ruler – Frederick established in Sicily and southern Italy something very much like a modern, centrally governed kingdom with an efficient bureaucracy.[2]
Viewing himself as a direct successor to the Roman Emperors of Antiquity,[3] he was Emperor of the Romans from his papal coronation in 1220 until his death; he was also a claimant to the title of King of the Romans from 1212 and unopposed holder of that monarchy from 1215. As such, he was King of Germany, of Italy, and of Burgundy. At the age of three, he was crowned King of Sicily as a co-ruler with his mother, Constance of Hauteville, the daughter of Roger II of Sicily. His other royal title was King of Jerusalem by virtue of marriage and his connection with the Sixth Crusade.
He was frequently at war with the Papacy, hemmed in between Frederick's lands in northern Italy and his Kingdom of Sicily (the Regno) to the south, and thus he was excommunicated four times and often vilified in pro-papal chronicles of the time and since. Pope Gregory IX went so far as to call him an Antichrist.
Speaking six languages (Latin, Sicilian, German, French, Greek and Arabic[4]), Frederick was an avid patron of science and the arts. He played a major role in promoting literature through the Sicilian School of poetry. His Sicilian royal court in Palermo, from around 1220 to his death, saw the first use of a literary form of an Italo-Romance language, Sicilian. The poetry that emanated from the school had a significant influence on literature and on what was to become the modern Italian language. The school and its poetry were saluted by Dante and his peers and predate by at least a century the use of the Tuscan idiom as the elite literary language of Italy.[5]
He was also the first king who explicitly outlawed trials by ordeal as they were considered irrational.[6]
After his death, his line quickly died out and the House of Hohenstaufen came to an end.
Frederick II, Holy Roman Emperor Media
The birth of Frederick on the market square of Jesi from the Nuova Cronica, Biblioteca Apostolica Vaticana, ms. Chigi L. VIII.296 (cat. XI.8)
Seals used by Frederick as Emperor (ed. Otto Posse 1909):*1: first imperial seal (1221–1225),*2: second imperial seal (1226),*3: third imperial seal, addition of the title of King of Jerusalem (1226–1250)*4: seal used in 1221 and 1225,*5: first seal as King of Jerusalem (1233).
Frederick II (left) meets Al-Kamil (right). Nuova Cronica, c. 1348
The Battle of Cortenuova against the 2nd Lombard League (1237), Nuova Cronica c. 1348
Frederick II's troops paid with leather coins during the Siege of Faenza, Nuova Cronica c. 1348
The Battle of Giglio against Gregory IX in 1241, Chronica Maiora (1259)
The Holy Roman Empire at the time of the Mongol incursions
Excommunication of Frederick by Pope Innocent IV
.PNG)
References
- ↑ Catholic Encyclopedia - Frederick II
- ↑ Detwiler, Donald S. (1999). Germany: A Short History. Southern Illinois University Press. p. 43.
- ↑ "His dream of universal power made him regard himself as an emperor of classical times and a direct successor to Augustus", notes Roberto Weiss, The Renaissance Discovery of Classical Antiquity (Oxford: Blackwell) 1973:12.
- ↑ Cronica, Giovanni Villani Book VI e. 1. (Rose E. Selfe's English translation)
- ↑ Gaetana Marrone, Paolo Puppa, and Luca Somigli, eds. Encyclopedia of Italian literary studies (2007) Volume 1 pp. 780–82, also 563, 571, 640, 832–36
- ↑ "Ma l'imperatore svevo fu conservatore o innovatore?". Archived from the original on 2015-04-29. Retrieved 2015-09-13.