Gall

The red things are galls produced by a gall mite on a leaf

Gall produced by an insect on a vine

Galls can also appear on skeletal animals and in the fossil record. Two galls with perforations on a crinoid stem from the Middle Jurassic of southern Israel

Oak apple or oak gall is a large, round, gall commonly found on species of oak, 2–5 cm in diameter. They are caused by chemicals injected by the larva of certain kinds of gall wasp in the family Cynipidae

Eucalyptus leaf gall

Oak marble galls, one with a gall fly exit hole and another with Phoma gallorum fungal attack

A gall is a growth on the surface of plants and other lifeforms. They are caused by various parasites, such as fungi, bacteria, insects and mites.

Plant galls are abnormal growths of plant tissues similar to benign tumors or warts in animals.^[1]

What causes a plant gall can often be known without the actual agent being there. Many types of gall have typical structures. This is true of many galls produced by insects and mites.

Insect galls on plants give some herbivorous insects their own microhabitat. They are plant tissue which is controlled by the insect. Galls are the habitat and food source for the maker of the gall. The gall may contain nutritious starch and other tissues.^[2] Galls often give the insect physical protection from predators.^[3]^[4]

Insect galls are usually induced by chemicals injected by the larvae or the adults of the insects into the plants. After the galls are formed, the larvae develop inside until fully grown, when they leave. In order to form galls, the insects must seize the time when plant cell division occurs quickly. The growing season, spring in temperate climates, is longer in the tropics.

Human use

Galls can be used by humans, and have been since ancient times. One use is to collect the pigment which many galls make. The galls are rich in resins and tannins, from which dyes and inks can be made. Galls can be used to make a mordant for dyeing: mordants make the dye on the cloth permanent. Also, permanent black ink can be made from galls, and that has been done for a long time.^[5]

The larvae inside the galls may be used as food or as fishing bait, and some galls have medicinal uses.^[6]

Gall Media

Gall from a jade plant (Crassula ovata)
Sectioned oak marble gall showing central "cell", inquiline chamber, and exit-hole with a possibly parasitised stunted gall specimen.
Goldenrod round gall made by the fly Eurosta solidaginis
Galls caused by an Eriophyid mite (Eriophyidae) on Banksia integrifolia infructescence in Melbourne, Australia
Rhododendron ferrugineum infected by an Exobasidium fungus.
Gall on a Sugar Maple leaf.
Oak artichoke gall (Andricus fecundator)

References

↑ [1] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, accessed Nov. 16, 2007 ("an abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue usually due to insect or mite parasites or fungi and sometimes forming an important source of tannin")
↑ Larson K.C. and T.G. Whitham 1991. Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions. Oecologia 88, 15–21.
↑ Weis A.E. and A. Kapelinski 1994. Variable selection on Eurosta’s gall size, II: a path analysis of the ecological factors behind selection. Evolution 48, 734–745.
↑ Stone, Graham N. and Schonrogge, Karsten 2003. The adaptive signiﬁcance of insect gall morphology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(10): 512-522. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00247-7.
↑ Goitein, Shelomo Dov; Sanders, Paula (1967). A Mediterranean Society: Daily life. University of California Press. p. 405. ISBN 0520048695. Retrieved 22 June 2020.
↑ Zhang J; Li L; Kim S.H; Hagerman A.E, Lü J. 2009. Anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and other pharmacologic and biological activities of penta-galloyl-glucose. Pharmaceutical Research 26(9): 2066–2080. doi:10.1007/s11095-009-9932-0.

Gallery

Rose bedeguar gall on a wild rose in summer.
Neuroterus albipes forma laeviusculus
Leaf galls on Rhododendron ferrugineum
Pineapple gall on Sitka spruce.

[1] [1] Merriam-Webster Online Dictionary, accessed Nov. 16, 2007 ("an abnormal outgrowth of plant tissue usually due to insect or mite parasites or fungi and sometimes forming an important source of tannin")

[2] Larson K.C. and T.G. Whitham 1991. Manipulation of food resources by a gall-forming aphid: the physiology of sink-source interactions. Oecologia 88, 15–21.

[3] Weis A.E. and A. Kapelinski 1994. Variable selection on Eurosta’s gall size, II: a path analysis of the ecological factors behind selection. Evolution 48, 734–745.

[4] Stone, Graham N. and Schonrogge, Karsten 2003. The adaptive signiﬁcance of insect gall morphology. Trends in Ecology and Evolution 18(10): 512-522. doi:10.1016/S0169-5347(03)00247-7.

[Mediterranean_Society-5] Goitein, Shelomo Dov; Sanders, Paula (1967). A Mediterranean Society: Daily life. University of California Press. p. 405. ISBN 0520048695. Retrieved 22 June 2020.

[6] Zhang J; Li L; Kim S.H; Hagerman A.E, Lü J. 2009. Anti-cancer, anti-diabetic and other pharmacologic and biological activities of penta-galloyl-glucose. Pharmaceutical Research 26(9): 2066–2080. doi:10.1007/s11095-009-9932-0.

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