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Help:IPA/Alemannic German

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The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Swabian, Low Alemannic, High Alemannic and Highest Alemannic German pronunciations. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Simple Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-gsw}} and Wikipedia:Manual of Style/Pronunciation § Entering IPA characters.

Consonants
IPA Examples Closest equivalent
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Huu'b'e [ˈhuːb̥ə] 'bonnet' (ZH)[1] bare
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Ki'ch'a [ˈkʰɪçɐ] 'kitchen' (Upper Swabian) hew[2]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. La'd'e [ˈlɒd̥ə] 'store' (ZH)[1] dart
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. o'ff'e [ˈofə] 'open' (VS) foot
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. o'ff'e [ˈofːə] 'open' (BE) staff function
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. haa'g'e [ˈhɒːɡ̊ə] 'fence in' (ZH)[1] go
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ma'ch'e [ˈmɒɣ̊ə] 'to make' (ZH)[1][3] Scottish loch
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ma'ch'e [ˈmɒʁ̥ə] 'to make' (ZH)[1][3]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'H'and [hɒnd̥] 'hand' (ZH) hat
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'J'aar [jɒːr] 'year' (ZH) you
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. E'gg'e [ˈekə] 'edge' (BS) scan
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. E'gg'e [ˈɛkːə] 'edge' (BE) scan
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'K'ind [kʰind̥] 'child' (BS)[4] cone
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ho'ck'e [ˈhokxə] 'sit' (ZH)[3] Broad cockney cake
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ho'ck'e [ˈhoqχə] 'sit' (ZH)[3]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. maa'l'e [ˈmɒːlə] 'to paint' (ZH) lover
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Mü'll'er [ˈmylːər] 'miller' (ZH) real life
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Wä'l't [ˈʋæɫt] 'world' (Saanenland) build
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. a'll'i [ˈaɫːi] 'all' (Saanenland) real life
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. zaa'm'e [ˈtsɒːmə] 'tame' (ZH) mood
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Ha'mm'er [ˈhamːər] 'hammer' (BE) film-maker
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. zaa'n'e [ˈtsɒːnə] 'to teethe' (ZH) noon
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Su'nn'e [ˈz̥ʊnːə] 'sun' (BE) cleanness
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Za'ng'e [ˈtsɒŋə] 'pliers' (ZH) ring
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Za'ng'e [ˈtsaŋːə] 'pliers' (BE) ring, but longer
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. huu'p'e [ˈhuːpə] 'to hoot' (BS) span
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ö'pp'e [ˈœpːə] 'around' (BE) span
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'P'ack [pʰɒkx] 'parcel' (ZH)[4] pole
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Soi'pf'e [ˈz̥oi̯pfə] 'soap' (ZH) cupfull
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. faa'r'e [ˈv̥ɒːrə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5] American water
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. chee'rr'en [ˈxeːrːən] 'to sweep' (Haslital)[5] Italian burro
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. faa'r'e [ˈv̥ɒːʀə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5] French frere or Northumbrian burr
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. faa'r'e [ˈv̥ɒːʁə] 'to drive' (ZH)[5]
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. besse'r' [ˈb̥esʁ̥] 'better' (BS)[5] Scottish loch
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ända'r'd [ˈend̥aʕd̥] 'changes' (SWG)[6] RP ahead, but with pharynx constricted
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ha'ss'e [ˈhɑsə] 'to hate' (VS) soon
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ha'ss'e [ˈhasːə] 'to hate' (BE) class size
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. tüü'sch'e [ˈtyːʃə] 'to exchange' (VS) ship
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Ä'sch'e [ˈæʃːə] 'ash' (BE) cash shortage
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. La'tt'e [ˈlɑtə] 'lath' (BS) stand
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. La'tt'e [ˈlatːə] 'lath' (BE) stand
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'Th'ee [tʰeː] 'tea' (ZH)[4] too
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. bu'tz'e [ˈb̥utsə] 'to clean' (ZH) cats
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. tä'tsch'e [ˈtætʃə] 'to clap' (ZH) chip
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. O'f'e [ˈov̥ə] 'oven' (ZH)[1] foot
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'W'and [ʋɒnd̥] 'wall' (ZH) between wine and vine
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. ni'ww' [niʋː] 'new' (Haslital) between wine and vine
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Gie'l' [ɡ̊iə̯w] 'boy' (BE)[7] wine
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Ba'll'e [ˈb̥awːə] 'ball' (BE)[8] roughly like bowwow
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'Ch'atz [ˈxɑts] 'cat' (Simmental)[3] Scottish loch
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. la'ch'e [ˈlaxːə] 'to laugh' (Simmental)[3] Scottish loch, but longer
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'Ch'atz [ˈχɑts] 'cat' (BE)[3] Scottish loch
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. la'ch'e [ˈlaχːə] 'to laugh' (BE)[3] Scottish loch, but longer
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Ha's'e [ˈhɒz̥ə] 'hares' (ZH)[1] soon
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. nuu'sch'e [ˈnuːʒ̊ə] 'to rummage' (ZH)[1] ship
Vowels
IPA Examples Closest equivalent
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'A'ffe [ˈafːə] 'apes' (SG)[9] art
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. schl'aa'ffe [ˈʒ̊laːfə] 'to sleep' (SG)[9] father
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'A'ffe [ˈɑfːə] 'apes' (BE)[9] art
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. schl'aa'ffe [ˈʒ̊lɑːfə] 'to sleep' (BE)[9] father
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. M'a'ne [ˈmɒnə] 'men' (ZH)[9] RP hot
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. m'aa'ne [ˈmɒːnə] 'to remind' (ZH)[9] RP nod
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. g'ä'll [ɡ̊æl] 'isn't it?' (ZH) hat
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. g'ää'l [ɡ̊æːl] 'yellow' (ZH) had
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. B'e'tt [ˈb̥et] 'bed' (ZH) Scottish late
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. d'ee'ne [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH) Scottish day
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. H'è'r [hɛr] 'mister' (ZH) bet
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. h'èè'r [hɛːr] 'from' (ZH) bed
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. schwèch'e' [ˈʒ̊ʋɛxə] 'to weaken' (ZH)[10] about
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. s'i'be [ˈz̥ib̥ə] 'seven' (ZH) leaf
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. s'ii'be [ˈz̥iːb̥ə] 'to sieve' (ZH) leave
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. R'ì'tter [ˈrɪtər] 'knight' (BE) kit
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. R'ìì's [rɪːz̥] 'giant' (BE) kid
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'Ò'fe [ˈɔv̥ə] 'oven' (BE) off
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. G'òò'fe [ˈɡ̊ɔːv̥ə] 'kids' (BE) dog
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. h'o'le [ˈholə] 'to fetch' (ZH) Scottish oak
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. h'oo'l [hoːl] 'hollow' (ZH) Scottish stove
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. B'ö'ge [ˈb̥øɡ̊ə] 'sheets of paper' (ZH) Somewhat like nurse
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Bl'ö̀'ff [b̥lœf] 'bluff' (ZH)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. B'öö'gge [ˈb̥øːkə] 'fools' (ZH) Somewhat like fur
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. t'ö̀ö̀'rfe [ˈtœːrfə] 'to be allowed to' (ZH)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Br'u'ch [b̥rux] 'break' (ZH) boot
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Br'uu'ch [b̥ruːɣ̊] 'custom' (ZH) food
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. M'uu's [mʉːs] 'mouse' (BS)[11] Modern RP goose
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Sch'ù'tt [ʒ̊ʊt] 'debris' (BE) foot
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Br'ùù'ch [b̥rʊːɣ̊] 'break' (BE) good
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. F'ü'li [ˈv̥yli] 'pen' (ZH) Somewhat like cute
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. h'ǜ'tt [hʏt] 'today' (BE)
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. F'üü'li [ˈv̥yːli] 'laziness' (ZH) Somewhat like feud
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. T'ǜǜ're [ˈtʏːrə] 'door' (BE)
Diphthong offsets
IPA Examples English approximation
a̯ ni'a' [nia̯] 'never' (SWG) roughly like ear
æ̯ ni'ä' [niæ̯] 'never' (UR)
ə̯ ni'e' [niə̯] 'never' (ZH)
i̯ fre'i' [v̥rei̯] 'free' (ZH) The y-like ending in day
o̯ Chü'o' [xyo̯] 'cow' (VS) The w-like ending in go
u̯ ä'u' [æu̯] 'also' (ZH)
y̑ vlö'ü'ge [ˈv̥lœy̑ɡ̊ə] 'to fly' (Saanenland) Roughly like the w-like ending in go
Suprasegmentals
IPA Examples Explanation
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. 'dee'ne [ˈd̥eːnə] 'stretch' (ZH) Primary stress, as in deer /ˈdɪər/
Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. Hèr'döpf'el [ˈhɛrˌd̥øpfəl] 'potato' (ZH) Secondary stress, as in commandeer /ˌkɒmənˈdɪər/

Notes

  1. ↑ 1.0 1.1 1.2 1.3 1.4 1.5 1.6 1.7 Some scholars choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents with the symbols ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩, rather than ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩. In that case, the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨pː, tː, kː, xː, sː, ʃː⟩ or ⟨pp, tt, kk, xx, ss, ʃʃ⟩, rather than ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Here, we choose to transcribe the lenis obstruents as ⟨b̥, d̥, ɡ̊, ɣ̊, v̥, z̥, ʒ̊⟩, whereas the fortis obstruents are transcribed ⟨p, t, k, x, s, ʃ⟩. Long fortis obstruents or geminates occur in most of Switzerland except for the extreme Northeast, Wallis, and the Grisons–St. Gall Rhine valley.
  2. ↑ If pronounced different from yew, cf. yew–hew merger.
  3. ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 3.3 3.4 3.5 3.6 3.7 The dorsal obstruents /kx, x, ɣ̊/ are realized as velar [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.] or uvular [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.], depending on the dialect.
  4. ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 The aspirated consonants [pʰ, tʰ, kʰ] occur in borrowings from Standard German (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)). In the dialects of Basel and Chur, an aspirated [kʰ] is also present in native words.
  5. ↑ 5.0 5.1 5.2 5.3 5.4 The /r/ phoneme can be pronounced as an alveolar trill [r] or an alveolar tap [ɾ] (with both being transcribed with ⟨r⟩ in this guide for the sake of simplicity),, a uvular trill [ʀ], a voiced uvular fricative or approximant [ʁ], a voiceless lenis uvular fricative [ʁ̥]. Some dialects (e.g. Zurich German) use all six realizations (Fleischer & Schmid (2006:244)).
  6. ↑ In Swabian German, /r/ is realized as a uvular approximant [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʁ̞" not found in list|ʁ̞]]] in syllable onset, but as a pharyngeal approximant [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ʕ̞" not found in list|ʕ̞]]] in other positions (Markus Hiller. Pharyngeals and "lax" vowel quality. Mannheim: Institut für Deutsche Sprache.). For simplicity, we transcribe these sounds as, respectively, [ʁ] and [ʕ].
  7. ↑ In Bernese German, /l/ in the syllable coda is realized as [w].
  8. ↑ In Bernese German, the geminate /lː/ is realized as [wː].
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 9.2 9.3 9.4 9.5 The open vowels /a, aː/ can be front or central (with both sets transcribed as [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.] for simplicity), back unrounded [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.] or back rounded [Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found., Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.], depending on the dialect.
  10. ↑ The schwa /ə/ occurs only in unstressed syllables.
  11. ↑ In Basel German and in the dialect of Markgräflerland, /uː/ is fronted to [ʉː].

Bibliography

  • Dauwalder, Hans. Wie mma s seid und cha schriiben. Eine haslideutsche Kurzgrammatik (1992). Meiringen: Gemeinnütziger Verein.
  • Dieth, Eugen. Schwyzertütschi Dialäktschrift. Dieth-Schreibung (1986). Aarau: Sauerländer.
  • Fleischer, Jürg. Zurich German. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 36 (2) (2006). p. 243-253. doi:10.1017/S0025100306002441.
  • Sprachatlas der deutschen Schweiz (1962–1997). Bern: Francke.
  • Werlen, Iwar. Lautstrukturen des Dialekts von Brig im schweizerischen Kanton Wallis (1977). Wiesbaden: Franz Steiner.
  • Marti, Werner. Berndeutsch-Grammatik (1985). Bern: Francke. ISBN 3-7720-1587-5.
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