Voiced dental, alveolar, and postalveolar trills

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Alveolar trill
r
IPA number122
Encoding
Entity (decimal)r
Unicode (hex)U+0072
X-SAMPAr
 
"Alveolar trill" redirects here. For the voiceless consonant, see Voiceless alveolar trill.

The voiced alveolar trill is a type of consonant. It is found in some spoken languages. It is usually called the rolled R, rolling R, or trilled R. The International Phonetic Alphabet letter for this sound is ⟨r⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is r.

Dictionaries of languages like English and German sometimes use the symbol ⟨r⟩. They have rhotic consonants that are not an alveolar trill. This is because typing the letter r is easier.

In many Indo-European languages, this sound is sometimes an allophone of the alveolar tap [ɾ]. This happens especially in unstressed syllables. Some languages like Catalan, Spanish, Albanian and some Portuguese treat these as two different sounds.

Features

  • The airstream mechanism is pulmonic. It means that we produce this sound by pushing air solely with the lungs and diaphragm, as in most sounds.
  • Its phonation is voiced. It means that the vocal cords vibrate during the articulation.
  • We produce it at alveolar. It means that we produce this sound with the tip of the tongue(apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
  • Its behavior is fricative. It means that we produce this sound by constricting air flow through a narrow channel at the place of articulation, to make turbulence.
  • Its behavior is trill. It means that we produce this sound by directing air over the articulator so that it vibrates.
  • It is an oral consonant. It means that air is allowed to escape through the mouth only.
  • It is a central consonant. It means that we produce this sound by directing the air along the center of the tongue, but not to the sides.

Examples

Language Word IPA Meaning Notes
Czech[1][2][3][4] čty'ř'i [ˈt͡ʃtɪr̝ɪ] (help·info) 'four' Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. May be a non-sibilant fricative.[2] See Czech phonology
Dzongkha[5] 'རུ'་ཏོག་/ru-tog [r̝uto] 'bone' Usually released as a normal trilled [r], sometimes it has a slightly fricative character vaguely reminiscent of Czech ř. Dzongkha r is followed by the low register tone.
Kashubian[6] 'rz'éka [r̝eka] 'river' Only some northern and northwestern speakers. Formerly common over the whole speaking area.[6]
Ormuri Standard (Kaniguram) تڒګب/tařgab [tɑr̝geb] 'summer' Corresponds to /ʃ/ in Logar dialect.
Polish Some dialects[7] 'rz'eka [r̝ɛka] 'river' Contrasts with /r/ and /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork[7] and those south, west and northwest of them,[7] area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo,[7] south and east of Wieleń,[7] around Wołomin,[7] southeast of Ostrów Mazowiecka[7] and west of Siedlce,[7] from Brzeg to Opole and areas to the north,[7] and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ.[7] Most speakers, as well as standard Polish, merge it with /ʐ/,[7] and speakers maintaining the distinction (which is mostly the elderly) sporadically do as well.[7] See Polish phonology
Portuguese[8] European o's r'ins [u ˈr̝ĩʃ] 'the kidneys' Possible realization of the sequence /sr/ for speakers who realize /r/ as [r].[8] See Portuguese phonology
Silesian Gmina Istebna[9] um'rz'ił [ˈumr̝iw] '(he) died' Contrasts with /r/ and /ʒ/. Merges with /ʐ/ in most Polish dialects.
Jablunkov[9] [example needed]
Slovak Northern dialects[7][10] 'ř'yka [ˈr̝ɪkä] 'river' Only in a few dialects near the Polish border.[7] See Slovak phonology
Spanish 'r'ana [ˈr̝änä] 'frog' Possible realization of /r/ in some dialects, may also be realized as a non-sibilant alveolar fricative [ɹ̝-] or as a sibilant retroflex fricative [ʐ].
Chicahuaxtla Trique[11] 'r'aTemplate:Saltilloa [rᶾa˧ʔaː˧] or [r̥ᶴa˧ʔaː˧] 'hand' Initial allophone of /r/.
Tsakonian[12] 'ρζ'ινοδίτζη [r̝inoðitɕi] 'justice of the peace' /ʒ/ appears to have been a fricative trill in the 19th century, and [ʒ] survived latterly only in women's usage in Southern Tsakonian.

Voiced alveolar fricative trill

Raised alveolar trill
r̝
Encoding
X-SAMPAr_r
 

The voiced alveolar fricative trill is a type of consonant. It is found in some spoken languages. The International Phonetic Alphabet letter for this sound is ⟨r̝⟩. The X-SAMPA symbol for this sound is r_r.

References

  1. ↑ Dankovičová (1999), pp. 70–71
  2. ↑ 2.0 2.1 Ladefoged & Maddieson (1996), pp. 228–230 and 233
  3. ↑ Lodge (2009), p. 46.
  4. ↑ Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012), p. 226
  5. ↑ van Driem, George. The Grammar of DzongkhaDzongkha Development Corporation, Royal Government of Bhutan. p. 93.
  6. ↑ 6.0 6.1 Jerzy Treder. Fonetyka i fonologia.
  7. ↑ 7.00 7.01 7.02 7.03 7.04 7.05 7.06 7.07 7.08 7.09 7.10 7.11 7.12 7.13 Gwary polskie - Frykatywne rż (ř)Gwarypolskie.uw.edu.pl. Retrieved 2013-11-06.
  8. ↑ 8.0 8.1 Grønnum (2005), p. 157
  9. ↑ 9.0 9.1 Dąbrowska (2004), p. ?
  10. ↑ Dudášová-Kriššáková (1995), pp. 98.
  11. ↑ A. Raymond Elliott, P. Hernández Cruz & F. Sandoval Cruz, "Dàj guruguiˈ yumiguiì 'de como apareció la gente del mundo': leyenda en triqui de Chicahuaxtla". Tlalocan vol. 25, 2020, p.153.
  12. ↑ Scutt, C. A.. The Tsakonian Dialect. The Annual of the British School at Athens 19 (November 1913). p. 20. doi:10.1017/s0068245400009163.
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