Voiceless alveolar trill
The voiceless alveolar trill differs from the voiced alveolar trill /r/ in its phonation (whether or not the vocal chords are vibrating while pronouncing the sound). It is used in a few languages. In languages that also have the voiced alveolar trill, it can be a similar sound or an allophone (another way a certain sound can be pronounced).
| Voiceless alveolar trill | |||
|---|---|---|---|
| r̥ | |||
| |||
| IPA number | 122 402A | ||
| Encoding | |||
| X-SAMPA | r_0 | ||
In Proto-Indo-European, the sound *sr became a sound spelled ⟨ῥ⟩, with the letter for /r/ and the diacritic for /h/, in Ancient Greek. This sound was probably a voiceless alveolar trill. It became the regular word-initial (meaning "at the start of a word") allophone of /r/ in standard Attic Greek. This sound has disappeared in Modern Greek.
Features
Features of the voiceless alveolar fricative trill:
- Its phonation is voiceless. It means that we produce this sound without vibrations of the vocal cords. In some languages the vocal cords are actively separated, so it is always voiceless; in others the cords are lax, so that it may take on the voicing of adjacent sounds.
- We produce it at alveolar. It means that we produce this sound with the tip of the tongue(apical) or the blade of the tongue at the alveolar ridge (laminal).
- Its manner of articulation (how the sound is pronounced) is fricative trill, which means it is a non-sibilant fricative and a trill pronounced at the same time.
Examples
| Language | Word | IPA | Meaning | Notes | |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Czech[1][2] | tři sta | [ˈt̪r̝̊ɪs̪t̪ä] | 'three hundred' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants.[3][2] This may be a tapped fricative instead.[2] See Czech phonology | |
| Norwegian | Areas around Narvik[4] | norsk | [nɔr̝̊k] | 'Norwegian' | Allophone of the sequence /ɾs/ before voiceless consonants.[4] |
| Some subdialects of Trøndersk[4] | |||||
| Nivkh | (East) Sakhalin dialect | р̌ы | [r̝̊ɨ] | 'door' | Contrasts with /r/. In the Amur dialect, typically realized (pronounced) as ⟨r̥⟩. |
| Polish | Some dialects | przyjść | [ˈpr̝̊ɘjɕt͡ɕ] | 'to come' | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants for speakers that do not merge it with /ʐ/. Present in areas from Starogard Gdański to Malbork and those south, west and northwest of them, the area from Lubawa to Olsztyn to Olecko to Działdowo, south and east from Wieleń, around Wołomin, southeast from Ostrów Mazowiecka and west from Siedlce, from Brzeg to Opole and those north of them, and roughly from Racibórz to Nowy Targ. Most speakers, including speakers of standard Polish, pronounce it the same as /ʂ/. Speakers which make a difference between these sounds (usually older speakers) sometimes pronounce it the same way as well. |
| Silesian | Gmina Istebna | [example needed] | Allophone of /r̝/ after voiceless consonants. It is pronounced the same as /ʂ/ in most Polish dialects. | ||
| Jablunkov | [example needed] | ||||
Voiceless alveolar fricative trill
| Voiceless alveolar fricative trill | |
|---|---|
| r̝̊ | |
| IPA number | 122 402A 429 |
| Encoding | |
| X-SAMPA | r_0_r |
The voiceless alveolar fricative trill is not known to be a sound in any language, except maybe the East Sakhalin dialect of Nivkh. However, it is an allophone (another way of pronouncing a specific sound) in Czech.
Related pages
Notes
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70-71)
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 Šimáčková, Podlipský & Chládková (2012:226)
- ↑ Dankovičová (1999:70)
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 4.2 Fabiánová (2011:34-35)
References
- Asu, Eva Liina; Teras, Pire (2009), "Estonian", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 39 (3): 367–372, doi:10.1017/s002510030999017x
- Dankovičová, Jana (1999), "Czech", Handbook of the International Phonetic Association: A guide to the use of the International Phonetic Alphabet, Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, pp. 70–74, ISBN 0-521-65236-7
- Danyenko, Andrii; Vakulenko, Serhii (1995), Ukrainian, Lincom Europa, ISBN 9783929075083
- Fabiánová, Martina (2011), Srovnání české a norské fonetiky (PDF)
- Haspelmath, Martin (1993), A Grammar of Lezgian, Mouton Grammar Library, vol. 9, Berlin; New York: Mouton de Gruyter, ISBN 3-11-013735-6
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Peters, Jörg (2006), "The dialect of Hasselt", Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 36 (1): 117–124, doi:10.1017/S0025100306002428
- Regnier, Sue (1993), "Quiegolani Zapotec Phonology", Work Papers of the Summer Institute of Linguistics, University of Dakota, 37: 37–63
- Šimáčková, Šárka; Podlipský, Václav Jonáš; Chládková, Kateřina (2012), "Czech spoken in Bohemia and Moravia" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 42 (2): 225–232, doi:10.1017/S0025100312000102
- Terrill, Angela (2002), Dharumbal: The Language of Rockhampton, Australia, Canberra: Pacific Linguistics, ISBN 0-85883-462-6