Help:IPA/Russian
< Help:IPA
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here. Some keys are built on consensus more strongly than others; if the conventions of this key are already in wide use, any substantive change to it should be discussed on the talk page first as it would affect a large number of articles. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}}.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
| Consonants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. |  бок (info • help); апде́йт[1] |
boot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | бе́лый (info • help)
|
beautiful | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | дать (info • help); футбо́л (info • help)[1] |
do | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | де́ло (info • help); ходьба́ (info • help); жени́тьба (info • help)[1] |
dew (UK) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | фо́рма (info • help); вы́ставка (info • help);[1] бо́ров (info • help)[2] |
fool | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | фина́л (info • help); верфь (info • help); кровь (info • help)[2] |
few | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | год (info • help)[3][4]; анекдо́т (info • help)[1] |
goo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | геро́й (info • help)
|
argue | |
| N/A | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | есть (info • help) [je-]; ёж (info • help) [jɵ-]; юг (info • help) [ju-]; я (info • help) [ja]; майо́р (info • help)[5] |
yes, York, you, yard, boy | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | кость (info • help); бе́гство (info • help)[1]; флаг (info • help)[2] |
scar | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | кино́ (info • help); секью́рити
|
skew | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | луна́ (info • help)[6] |
pill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | лес (info • help); боль (info • help)
|
lean | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | мы́ло (info • help)
|
moot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | мя́со (info • help); семь (info • help)
|
mute | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | нос (info • help)
|
noon | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | нёс (info • help); день (info • help); ко́нчик (info • help)[7] |
newt (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | под (info • help); ры́бка (info • help)[1]; зуб (info • help)[2] |
span | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | пе́пел (info • help); цепь (info • help); зыбь (info • help)[2] |
spew | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | раз (info • help)
|
flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ряд (info • help); зверь (info • help)
|
flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | соба́ка (info • help); ска́зка (info • help)[1]; глаз (info • help)[2] |
soup | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | си́ний (info • help); здесь (info • help); есть (info • help); грызть (info • help)[1] |
assume, soup (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | широ́кий (info • help); кни́жка (info • help)[1]; муж (info • help)[2]; что (info • help)[8] |
rush | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | щека́ (info • help); счита́ть (info • help); мужчи́на (info • help)[9][10] |
wish sheep | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | то (info • help); во́дка (info • help);[1] лёд (info • help)[2] |
stand | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | тень (info • help); дитя́ (info • help); путь (info • help); грудь (info • help)[2] |
stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.[11] | цена́ (info • help); нра́виться (info • help)[10] |
cats | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.[11] | чай (info • help); течь (info • help)[10] |
chip | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | вы (info • help); его́[4]; афга́н[1] |
voodoo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | весь (info • help); вью́га (info • help)
|
view | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ход (info • help); Бог (info • help)[3][10] |
loch (Scottish) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | хи́трый (info • help); Хью́стон; лёгкий (info • help)[1][3][10] |
huge (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | зуб (info • help); сбор (info • help)[1] |
zoo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | зима́ (info • help); резьба́; жизнь (info • help); про́сьба (info • help)[1] |
presume (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | жест (info • help); волшба́[1] |
rouge | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | по́зже (info • help)[12] |
prestige genre | |
| Stressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | трава́ (info • help)
|
father | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | пять (info • help); ча́сть (info • help)[13] |
pat (US) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | жест (info • help); э́тот (info • help)
|
met | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | пень (info • help); э́тика (info • help)[13] |
penny | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ты (info • help); ши́шка (info • help); с и́грами
|
roses (for some dialects) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ли́ния (info • help); и́ли (info • help)
|
meet | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | о́блако (info • help); шёпот (info • help)
|
chore | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | тётя (info • help); плечо́ (info • help)[13] |
bird (non-rhotic) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | пу́ля (info • help)
|
boot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | чуть (info • help); лю́ди (info • help)[13] |
choose | |
| Unstressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | облака́ (info • help); како́й (info • help); сообража́ть (info • help); тропа́ (info • help)[14] |
bud | N/A | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ко́жа (info • help); о́блако (info • help); се́рдце (info • help)
|
about | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | во́ля (info • help); сего́дня (info • help); ку́ча (info • help)[15] |
lasagna | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | дыша́ть (info • help); жена́ (info • help); во́ды (info • help); эта́п (info • help); к Ива́ну
|
roses (for some dialects) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | лиса́ (info • help); четы́ре (info • help); тяжёлый (info • help); де́вять (info • help); часы́ (info • help)[16] |
bit | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | мужчи́на (info • help)
|
put | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | чуде́сный (info • help); люби́ть (info • help)[13] |
youth | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | тетра́эдр; поэте́сса[17] | met | N/A | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ра́дио (info • help); поэте́сса[17] |
chore | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ма́чо; сёрфинги́ст[18] | bird (non-rhotic) | |
| Suprasegmental | ||||||
| IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | четы́ре (info • help) [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]
|
Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | сза́ди (info • help) [ˈzːadʲɪ][1] |
Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant | ||||
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as
Го́споди (info • help) and Бог (info • help), and in the interjections ага́ (info • help), ого́ (info • help), го́споди (info • help), ей-бо́гу (info • help), and also in бухга́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ɣ̟" not found in list|ɣʲ]]], devoiced [x] and [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "x̟" not found in list|xʲ]]]) throughout.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words ( сего́дня (info • help), сего́дняшний (info • help), итого́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
- ↑ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ Alveo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word счи́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "d̪z̪" not found in list|dz]]], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: плацда́рм (info • help), начди́в, дочь бы (info • help), вещдо́к, трёхдне́вный.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дрожжи or заезжать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[source?]
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.
References
- Cubberley, Paul (2002), "The phonology of Modern Russian", Russian: A Linguistic Introduction, Cambridge University Press
- Halle, Morris (1959), Sound Pattern of Russian, MIT Press
- Jones, Daniel; Ward, Dennis (1969), The Phonetics of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Ladefoged, Peter; Maddieson, Ian (1996). The Sounds of the World's Languages. Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Timberlake, Alan (2004), "Sounds", A Reference Grammar of Russian, Cambridge University Press
- Yanushevskaya, Irena; Bunčić, Daniel (2015), "Russian" (PDF), Journal of the International Phonetic Association, 45 (2): 221–228, doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395