Help:IPA/Russian
< Help:IPA
 | This is the pronunciation key for IPA transcriptions of Russian on Wikipedia. It provides a set of symbols to represent the pronunciation of Russian in Wikipedia articles, and example words that illustrate the sounds that correspond to them. Integrity must be maintained between the key and the transcriptions that link here. Some keys are built on consensus more strongly than others; if the conventions of this key are already in wide use, any substantive change to it should be discussed on the talk page first as it would affect a large number of articles. |
The charts below show the way in which the International Phonetic Alphabet (IPA) represents Russian pronunciations in Wikipedia articles. For a guide to adding IPA characters to Wikipedia articles, see {{IPA-ru}}.
Russian distinguishes hard (unpalatalized or plain) and soft (palatalized) consonants. Soft consonants, most of which are denoted by a superscript j, ⟨ʲ⟩, are pronounced with the body of the tongue raised toward the hard palate, like the articulation of the y sound in yes. /j, ɕː, tɕ/ are always soft, whereas /ʂ, ts, ʐ/ are always hard.
See Russian phonology and Russian alphabet for a more thorough look at the sounds of Russian.
| Consonants | ||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Hard | Soft | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. |  'б'ок (info • help); а'п'де́йт[1] |
boot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'б'е́лый (info • help)
|
beautiful | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'д'ать (info • help); фу'т'бо́л (info • help)[1] |
do | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'д'е́ло (info • help); хо'дь'ба́ (info • help); жени́'ть'ба (info • help)[1] |
dew (UK) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'ф'о́рма (info • help); вы́ста'в'ка (info • help);[1] бо́ро'в' (info • help)[2] |
fool | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'ф'ина́л (info • help); вер'фь' (info • help); кро'вь' (info • help)[2] |
few | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'г'од (info • help)[3][4]; ане'к'до́т (info • help)[1] |
goo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'г'еро́й (info • help)
|
argue | |
| N/A | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'е'сть (info • help) [je-]; 'ё'ж (info • help) [jɵ-]; 'ю'г (info • help) [ju-]; 'я' (info • help) [ja]; ма'й'о́р (info • help)[5] |
yes, York, you, yard, boy | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'к'ость (info • help); бе́'г'ство (info • help)[1]; фла'г' (info • help)[2] |
scar | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'к'ино́ (info • help); се'кь'ю́рити
|
skew | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'л'уна́ (info • help)[6] |
pill | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'л'ес (info • help); бо'ль' (info • help)
|
lean | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'м'ы́ло (info • help)
|
moot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'м'я́со (info • help); се'мь' (info • help)
|
mute | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'н'ос (info • help)
|
noon | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'н'ёс (info • help); де'нь' (info • help); ко́'н'чик (info • help)[7] |
newt (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'п'од (info • help); ры́'б'ка (info • help)[1]; зу'б' (info • help)[2] |
span | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'п'е́'п'ел (info • help); це'пь' (info • help); зы'бь' (info • help)[2] |
spew | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'р'аз (info • help)
|
flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'р'яд (info • help); зве'рь' (info • help)
|
flapped or trilled r, like in Spanish | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'с'оба́ка (info • help); ска́'з'ка (info • help)[1]; гла'з' (info • help)[2] |
soup | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'с'и́ний (info • help); зде'сь' (info • help); е'с'ть (info • help); гры'з'ть (info • help)[1] |
assume, soup (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'ш'иро́кий (info • help); кни́'ж'ка (info • help)[1]; му'ж' (info • help)[2]; 'ч'то (info • help)[8] |
rush | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'щ'ека́ (info • help); 'сч'ита́ть (info • help); му'жч'и́на (info • help)[9][10] |
wish sheep | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'т'о (info • help); во́'д'ка (info • help);[1] лё'д' (info • help)[2] |
stand | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'т'ень (info • help); ди'т'я́ (info • help); пу'ть' (info • help); гру'дь' (info • help)[2] |
stew (UK; for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.[11] | 'ц'ена́ (info • help); нра́ви'тьс'я (info • help)[10] |
cats | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found.[11] | 'ч'ай (info • help); те'чь' (info • help)[10] |
chip | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'в'ы (info • help); е'г'о́[4]; а'ф'га́н[1] |
voodoo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'в'есь (info • help); 'вь'ю́га (info • help)
|
view | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'х'од (info • help); Бо'г' (info • help)[3][10] |
loch (Scottish) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'х'и́трый (info • help); 'Хь'ю́стон; лё'г'кий (info • help)[1][3][10] |
huge (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'з'уб (info • help); 'с'бор (info • help)[1] |
zoo | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'з'има́ (info • help); ре'зь'ба́; жи'з'нь (info • help); про́'сь'ба (info • help)[1] |
presume (for some dialects) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'ж'ест (info • help); вол'ш'ба́[1] |
rouge | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | по́'зж'е (info • help)[12] |
prestige genre | |
| Stressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | трав'а́' (info • help)
|
father | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | п'я'ть (info • help); ч'а́'сть (info • help)[13] |
pat (US) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ж'е'ст (info • help); 'э́'тот (info • help)
|
met | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | п'е'нь (info • help); 'э́'тика (info • help)[13] |
penny | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | т'ы' (info • help); ш'и́'шка (info • help); с 'и́'грами
|
roses (for some dialects) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | л'и́'ния (info • help); 'и́'ли (info • help)
|
meet | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'о́'блако (info • help); ш'ё'пот (info • help)
|
chore | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | т'ё'тя (info • help); плеч'о́' (info • help)[13] |
bird (non-rhotic) | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | п'у́'ля (info • help)
|
boot | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ч'у'ть (info • help); л'ю́'ди (info • help)[13] |
choose | |
| Unstressed vowels | ||||||
| [-soft] | [+soft] | |||||
| IPA | Examples | English approximation | IPA | Examples | English approximation | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'о'бл'а'ка́ (info • help); к'а'ко́й (info • help); с'оо'бр'а'жа́ть (info • help); тр'о'па́ (info • help)[14] |
bud | N/A | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ко́ж'а' (info • help); о́бл'а'к'о' (info • help); се́рдц'е' (info • help)
|
about | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | во́л'я' (info • help); сего́дн'я' (info • help); ку́ч'а' (info • help)[15] |
lasagna | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | д'ы'ша́ть (info • help); ж'е'на́ (info • help); во́д'ы' (info • help); 'э'та́п (info • help); к 'И'ва́ну
|
roses (for some dialects) | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | л'и'са́ (info • help); ч'е'ты́р'е' (info • help); т'я'жёлый (info • help); де́в'я'ть (info • help); ч'а'сы́ (info • help)[16] |
bit | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | м'у'жчи́на (info • help)
|
put | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ч'у'де́сный (info • help); л'ю'би́ть (info • help)[13] |
youth | |
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | т'е'тра́'э'др; по'э'те́сса[17] | met | N/A | |||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ра́ди'о' (info • help); п'о'эте́сса[17] |
chore | Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | ма́ч'о'; с'ё'рфинги́ст[18] | bird (non-rhotic) | |
| Suprasegmental | ||||||
| IPA | Example | Explanation | ||||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | четы́ре (info • help) [tɕɪˈtɨrʲɪ]
|
Stress mark, placed before the stressed syllable | ||||
| Lua error in package.lua at line 80: module 'Module:IPA symbol/data' not found. | 'сз'а́ди (info • help) [ˈzːadʲɪ][1] |
Consonant length mark, placed after the geminated consonant | ||||
Notes
- ↑ 1.00 1.01 1.02 1.03 1.04 1.05 1.06 1.07 1.08 1.09 1.10 1.11 1.12 1.13 1.14 1.15 1.16 Consonants in consonant clusters are assimilated in voicing if the final consonant in the sequence is an obstruent (except [v, vʲ]). All consonants become voiceless if the final consonant is voiceless or voiced if the final consonant is voiced (Halle 1959:31).
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 2.2 2.3 2.4 2.5 2.6 2.7 2.8 The voiced obstruents /b, bʲ, d, dʲ, ɡ, v, vʲ, z, zʲ, ʐ/ are devoiced word-finally unless the next word begins with a voiced obstruent (Halle 1959:22).
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 3.2 ⟨г⟩ is usually pronounced [ɣ] or [x] in some religious words and colloquial derivatives from them, such as
'Г'о́споди (info • help) and Бо'г' (info • help), and in the interjections а'г'а́ (info • help), о'г'о́ (info • help), 'г'о́споди (info • help), ей-бо́'г'у (info • help), and also in бу'хг'а́лтер [bʊˈɣaltʲɪr] (Timberlake 2004:23). /ɡ/ devoices and lenites to [x] before voiceless obstruents (dissimilation) in the word roots -мягк- or -мягч-, -легк- or -легч-, -тягч-, and also in the old-fashioned pronunciation of -ногт-, -когт-, кто. Speakers of the Southern Russian dialects may pronounce ⟨г⟩ as [ɣ] (soft [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "ɣ̟" not found in list|ɣʲ]]], devoiced [x] and [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "x̟" not found in list|xʲ]]]) throughout.
- ↑ 4.0 4.1 Intervocalic ⟨г⟩ represents /v/ in certain words ( се'г'о́дня (info • help), се'г'о́дняшний (info • help), ито'г'о́ ), and in the genitive suffix -ого/-его (Timberlake 2004:23).
- ↑ The soft vowel letters ⟨е, ë, ю, я⟩ represent iotated vowels /je, jo, ju, ja/, except when following a consonant. When these vowels are unstressed (save for ⟨ë⟩, which is always stressed) and follow another vowel letter, the /j/ may not be present. The letter ⟨и⟩ produces iotated sound /ji/ only after ь.
- ↑ /l/ is often strongly pharyngealized [ɫ], but that feature is not distinctive (Ladefoged & Maddieson 1996:187-188).
- ↑ Alveo-palatal consonants are subjected to regressive assimilative palatalization; i.e. they tend to become palatalized in front of other phones with the same place of articulation.
- ↑ Most speakers pronounce ⟨ч⟩ in the pronoun что and its derivatives as [ʂ]. All other occurrences of чт cluster stay as affricate and stop.
- ↑ ⟨щ⟩ is sometimes pronounced as [ɕː] or [ɕɕ] and sometimes as [ɕtɕ], but no speakers contrast the two pronunciations. It is generally includes the other spellings of the sound, but the word 'сч'и́тывать sometimes has [ɕtɕ] because of the morpheme boundary between the prefix ⟨с-⟩ and the root ⟨-чит-⟩.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 10.2 10.3 10.4 [ts], [tɕ], [ɕː], [x], have voiced allophones, [[[Error using {{IPAsym}}: IPA symbol "d̪z̪" not found in list|dz]]], [dʑ], [ʑː], [ɣ] respectively, before voiced stop consonants. Examples: пла'ц'да́рм (info • help), на'ч'ди́в, до'чь' бы (info • help), ве'щ'до́к, трё'х'дне́вный.
- ↑ 11.0 11.1 The affricates [ts] and [tɕ] are sometimes written with ligature ties: [t͡s] and [t͡ɕ]. Ties are not used in transcriptions on Wikipedia (except in phonology articles) because they may not display correctly in all browsers.
- ↑ Geminated [ʐː] is pronounced as soft [ʑː], the voiced counterpart to [ɕː], in a few lexical items (such as дро'жж'и or зае'зж'ать) by conservative Moscow speakers; such realization is now somewhat obsolete (Yanushevskaya & Bunčić (2015:224)).
- ↑ 13.0 13.1 13.2 13.3 13.4 Vowels are fronted and/or raised in the context of palatalized consonants: /a/ and /u/ become [æ] and [ʉ], respectively between palatalized consonants, /e/ is realized as [e] before and between palatalized consonants and /o/ becomes [ɵ] after and between palatalized consonants.
- ↑ Word-initial and pretonic (before the stress) /a/ and /o/, as well as when in a sequence.
- ↑ Only in certain word-final morphemes (Timberlake 2004:48-51).
- ↑ Unstressed /a/ is pronounced as [ɪ] after ⟨ч⟩ and ⟨щ⟩ except when word-final.[source?]
- ↑ 17.0 17.1 In the careful style of pronunciation unstressed /e/ and /o/ in foreign words may be pronounced with little or no reduction.
- ↑ Unstressed [ɵ] only occurs in foreign words.
References
- Cubberley, Paul. Russian: A Linguistic Introduction (2002)Cambridge University Press.
- Halle, Morris. Sound Pattern of Russian (1959)MIT Press.
- Jones, Daniel. The Phonetics of Russian (1969)Cambridge University Press.
- Ladefoged, Peter. The Sounds of the World's Languages (1996). Oxford: Blackwell. ISBN 0-631-19814-8.
- Timberlake, Alan. A Reference Grammar of Russian (2004)Cambridge University Press.
- Yanushevskaya, Irena. Russian. Journal of the International Phonetic Association 45 (2) (2015). p. 221–228. doi:10.1017/S0025100314000395.