Hindu–Arabic numeral system
The Hindu–Arabic numeral system, sometimes known as the Indo–Arabic numeral or Latin numeral system or simply the Hindu numeral system, Indo numeral system or Arabic numeral system, is a system of numbers used all around the world.[1] It is a base-ten place-value system.[2] This system has ten basic lowercase-only symbols, which are 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8 and 9.[3] The Hindu–Arabic numeral system was first created by the Indians in the 6th century and used by the Arabs in the 7th century and Romans in the 16th century.
| Base | Decimal (base 10) |
|---|---|
| Zero | 0 |
| One | 1 |
| Two | 2 |
| Three | 3 |
| Four | 4 |
| Five | 5 |
| Six | 6 |
| Seven | 7 |
| Eight | 8 |
| Nine | 9 |
In Europe, Hindu-Arabic numeral system became very popular after the publication of Liber Abaci, a book written by Italian mathematician Fibonacci.[4] They are very different from previous methods of counting, such as the abacus. The numbers allowed mathematics to develop. In the past, many other number systems had been used.[5]
Hindu–Arabic Numeral System Media
Modern-day Arab telephone keypad with two forms of Arabic numerals: Western Arabic numerals on the left and Eastern Arabic numerals on the right
The first Brahmi numerals, ancestors of Hindu-Arabic numerals, used by Ashoka in his Edicts of Ashoka c. 250 BC
Nagari and Devanagari numerals with handwritten variants
The Arabic numeral system first appeared in Europe in the Spanish Codex Vigilanus, year 976.
Gregor Reisch, Madame Arithmatica, 1508
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn, 1522
Two arithmetic books published in 1514 – Köbel (left) using a calculation table and Böschenteyn using numerals
Adam Ries, Rechenung auff der linihen und federn (2nd Ed.), 1525
Robert Recorde, The ground of artes, 1543
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References
- ↑ Flegg, Graham 2002. Numbers: their history and meaning. Courier Dover. ISBN 0-486-42165-1
- ↑ Willers, Michael (2021). Mathematics: From Algebra to Algorithms, Adventures in Numbers. London, UK: New Burlington Books. pp. 82–83. ISBN 978-1-80242-020-3.
- ↑ "Hindu-Arabic numerals". Britannica. 15 March 2024. Retrieved 20 March 2024.
{{cite web}}: CS1 maint: url-status (link) - ↑ Willers, Michael (2021). Mathematics: From Algebra to Algorithms, Adventures in Numbers. London, UK: New Burlington Books. pp. 82–83, 98. ISBN 978-1-80242-020-3.
- ↑ Menninger, Karl 1969. Number words and number symbols: a cultural history of numbers. Cambridge MA: MIT Press. ISBN 0-262-13040-8