Iban people
The Ibans or Sea Dayaks are an Austronesian ethnic group. They mostly live in northwestern Borneo.[4] The Ibans are also known as Sea Dayaks. the title Dayak was given by the British and the Dutch to a lot of ethnic groups in Borneo Island.[5] They speak the Iban language and Malay or Indonesian language.
 | |
| Total population | |
|---|---|
| about 800, 000+ | |
| Regions with significant populations | |
| Borneo: | |
 Malaysia (Sarawak) | 702, 579[1] |
 Brunei | 23,500[2] |
 Indonesia (West Kalimantan) | 19,978[3] |
| Languages | |
| Mostly: Iban Also: Sarawak Malay, Brunei Malay, Standard Malay, West Kalimantan Malay, English and Indonesian | |
| Religion | |
| Christianity (Majority) (Catholicism and Mainly Anglicanism), Islam, Animism, Irreligion (Minority) | |
The Ibans live in the state of Sarawak in Malaysia, Brunei, and the province of West Kalimantan in Indonesia. They traditionally live in longhouses called rumah panjai. In West Kalimantan, the longhouses are called betang (trunk).[6][7]
History
Early origins
According to native myths and legends, they came from Kapuas River in Kalimantan (Indonesian Borneo). They slowly moved to Sarawak due to tribal issues.[8][9] The ancient Iban legend is also being supported by several modern-day linguistic studies by Asmah Haji Omar (1981), Rahim Aman (1997), Chong Shin and James T. Collins (2019) and material cultures by M. Heppell (2020). They trace the Iban language and culture originated from the upper Kapuas.[10]
The period of great migration
Based on the research from Benedict Sandin (1968), the period of Iban migrations from the Kapuas Hulu Range were determined to begin from the 1750s.[10] These people entered Batang Lupar and set a settlement near to Undop River. In the period of five generations, they expanded towards west, east and north. There, they found new settlements around Batang Lupar, Batang Sadong, Saribas and Batang Layar.
By the 19th century, the Ibans started to migrate towards the basin of Rejang. They went there through Katibas River, Batang Lupar and Saribas River. From 1870s, it was recorded that a huge population of Ibans have lived near Mukah and Oya River. The settlers arrived to Tatau, Kemena (Bintulu) and Balingan by the 1900s. In the turn of twentieth century, the Iban expanded to the Limbang River and Baram valley in the northern Sarawak.
Language
The Iban language (jaku Iban) is spoken by the Iban. The language belongs to Malayic languages. The Malayic languages is a Malayo-Polynesian branch of the Austronesian language family. It is thought that the homeland of the Malayic languages is in western Borneo, the place where the Ibanic languages remain.
Religion
| Religions of Ibans (Malaysia only)[11] | ||||
|---|---|---|---|---|
For hundreds of years, the Iban's ancestors practiced their own traditional custom and pagan religious system. After the arrival of James Brooke, the Ibans began to convert to Christianity. Although they are now mostly Christian; many continue to practise both Christian and traditional pagan ceremonies. Some ancestral practices such as 'Miring' are still prohibited by certain churches. After being Christianized, the majority of Iban people have changed their traditional name to a Hebrew-based "Christian name" followed by the Iban name such as David Dunggau, Joseph Jelenggai, Mary Mayang, etc.
In Brunei, 1,503 Ibans have converted to Islam from 2009 to 2019 according to official statistics. Many Bruneian Ibans intermarry with Malays and convert to Islam as a result. Nevertheless, most Iban in Brunei are devout Christians similar to the Iban in Malaysia. Bruneian Ibans also often intermarry with the Murut or Christian Chinese beacause of their shared faith.[12][13]
Iban People Media
Iban northern expansion between 1800–1941
The Brooke administration also assisted the migration of the Ibans northwards during Sarawak's territorial expansion, thus resulting in the Ibans becoming one of the dominant ethnic groups in Sarawak today
An Iban headhunter during the Malayan Emergency (1948–1960) prepares a human scalp above a container of human body parts.
Iban maidens of Kapuas Hulu performing their traditional dance
An Iban Pua kombu (ceremonial cloth) from Sarawak being displayed in the Honolulu Museum of Art
Langhaus der Iban. Illustration von 1896.
A 19th century Iban carving of a hornbill.
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Citations
- ↑ "Penemuan Utama Banci Penduduk Dan Perumahan Malaysia 2020.PDF".
- ↑ "Iban of Brunei". People Groups. Retrieved 2021-10-25.
- ↑ "Ekspresi Cinta dan Kehidupan Orang Dayak Iban {Id}". Kompas. 20 November 2021. Retrieved 2023-12-06.
- ↑ "Iban". 8 December 2023.
- ↑ Tillotson (1994). "Who invented the Dayaks? : historical case studies in art, material culture and ethnic identity from Borneo". Australian National University: 2 v. doi:10.25911/5d70f0cb47d77. Retrieved 13 May 2022.
{{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires|journal=(help) - ↑ "Borneo trip planner: top five places to visit". News.com.au. 2013-07-21. Archived from the original on 2015-10-16. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
- ↑ Sutrisno, Leo (2015-12-26). "Rumah Betang". Pontianak Post. Archived from the original on 2015-12-29. Retrieved 2015-10-03.
- ↑ Simonson, T. S.; Xing, J.; Barrett, R.; Jerah, E.; Loa, P.; Zhang, Y.; Watkins, W. S.; Witherspoon, D. J.; Huff, C. D.; Woodward, S.; Mowry, B. (8 April 2023). "Ancestry of the Iban Is Predominantly Southeast Asian: Genetic Evidence from Autosomal, Mitochondrial, and Y Chromosomes". PLOS ONE. 6 (1): e16338. doi:10.1371/journal.pone.0016338. PMC 3031551. PMID 21305013.
- ↑ "Ngepan Batang Ai (Iban Women Traditional Attire)" (PDF). 8 April 2023.
- ↑ 10.0 10.1 Shin, Chong (2021). "Iban as a koine language in Sarawak". Wacana, Journal of the Humanities of Indonesia. 22 (1): 102. doi:10.17510/wacana.v22i1.985.
- ↑ "2010 Population and Housing Census of Malaysia" (PDF) (in Bahasa Melayu and English). Department of Statistics, Malaysia. Archived from the original (PDF) on 1 March 2015. Retrieved 17 June 2012. checked: yes. p. 108.
- ↑ "Population by Religion, Sex and Census Year".
- ↑ Tassim, Fatimah Az-Zahra. "Why is the Iban tribe excluded from the official 'tujuh puak Brunei' (seven tribes of Brunei) and what is their experience being born and raised in Bruneian society?".