Identity (mathematics)

For other senses of this word, see identity.

In mathematics, the term identity has several important uses:

• An identity is an equality that remains true even if you change all the variables that are used in that equality.

An equality in mathematical sense is only true under more particular conditions. For this, the symbol ≡ is sometimes used (note, however, that the same symbol can also be used for a congruence relation as well.)

• In algebra, an identity or identity element of a set S with an operation is an element which, when combined with any element s of S, produces s itself. In a group (an algebraic structure), this is often denoted by the symbol [math]\displaystyle{ e }[/math].
• The identity function (or identity map) from a set S to itself, often denoted [math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{id} }[/math] or [math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{id}_S }[/math], such that [math]\displaystyle{ \mathrm{id}(x)=x }[/math] for all x in S.
• In linear algebra, the identity matrix of size n is the n-by-n square matrix with ones on the main diagonal and zeros elsewhere. It is often denoted by the symbol [math]\displaystyle{ I }[/math].

Identity relation

A common example of the first meaning is the trigonometric identity

[math]\displaystyle{ \sin ^2 \theta + \cos ^2 \theta = 1\, }[/math]

which is true for all real values of [math]\displaystyle{ \theta }[/math] (since the real numbers [math]\displaystyle{ \Bbb{R} }[/math] are the domain of both sine and cosine), as opposed to

[math]\displaystyle{ \cos \theta = 1,\, }[/math]

which is only true for certain values of [math]\displaystyle{ \theta }[/math] in a subset of the domain.

Identity element

The concepts of "additive identity" and "multiplicative identity" are central to the Peano axioms. The number 0 is the "additive identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all [math]\displaystyle{ a\in\Bbb{R}, }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ 0 + a = a,\, }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ a + 0 = a,\, }[/math] and

[math]\displaystyle{ 0 + 0 = 0.\, }[/math]

Similarly, The number 1 is the "multiplicative identity" for integers, real numbers, and complex numbers. For the real numbers, for all [math]\displaystyle{ a\in\Bbb{R}, }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ 1 \times a = a,\, }[/math]

[math]\displaystyle{ a \times 1 = a,\, }[/math] and

[math]\displaystyle{ 1 \times 1 = 1.\, }[/math]

Identity function

A common example of an identity function is the identity permutation, which sends each element of the set [math]\displaystyle{ \{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \} }[/math] to itself.

Comparison

These meanings are not mutually exclusive; for instance, the identity permutation is the identity element in the set of permutations of [math]\displaystyle{ \{ 1, 2, \ldots, n \} }[/math] under composition.

Identity (mathematics) Media

• 

  Visual proof of the Pythagorean identity: for any angle \theta, the point (x, y) = (\cos\theta, \sin\theta) lies on the unit circle, which satisfies the equation x^2 + y^2 =1. Thus, \cos^2\theta + \sin^2\theta =1.

Related pages

• Identity Property
• One
• Zero

Other websites

• EquationSolver Archived 2007-10-28 at the Wayback Machine - A webpage that can test a suggested identity and return a true/false "verdict".