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0

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Not to be confused with O.

Zero (0) is a special number.[1] If there are zero things, then there is nothing at all. For example, if a person has zero hats, that means they do not have any hats. The Roman numeral for zero is O.

← −1 0 1 →
−1 0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 →
Cardinalzero, oh /ˈoʊ/, nought, naught, none, nothing, null, nil, nada, zip, zilch, love
Ordinal0th
(zeroth, noughth)
Divisorsall numbers (except itself)
Roman numeral (unicode)O, o
Binary02
Ternary03
Quaternary04
Quinary05
Senary06
Octal08
Duodecimal012
Hexadecimal016
Vigesimal020
Base 36036
Arabic٠, ۟, ۠
Bengali০
Devanāgarī०
Chinese零, 〇
Japanese零, 〇
Khmer០
Thai๐

Symbol

The symbol for the number zero is "0". It is the additive identity of common numbers.[2] This means that if a number is added to 0, then that number would remain unchanged.[3]

Math with zero

  • Adding zero to a number always gives that number. For example, adding zero to three gives three. In symbols:
3 + 0 = 3
  • Subtracting zero from a number always gives that number. For example, subtracting zero from three gives three. In symbols:
3 − 0 = 3
  • Subtracting a positive number from zero always makes that number negative (or, if a negative number is subtracted from zero, it makes the number positive). For example, subtracting three from zero gives negative three. In symbols:
0 − 3 = −3
  • Multiplying a number by zero always gives zero. For example, multiplying three by zero gives zero. In symbols:
3 × 0 = 0
0 (number)
  • Dividing zero by a different number always gives zero. For example, dividing zero by three gives zero. In symbols:
0 ÷ 3 = 0

3 ÷ 0 has an undefined answer.
  • Dividing zero by zero has no answer. In symbols:
0 ÷ 0 has no answer.

The following table includes all of the above examples along with other operations in a condensed, generalized form (where x represents any number).

Operation Rule Example
Addition x + 0 = x 3 + 0 = 3
Subtraction x - 0 = x 3 - 0 = 3
0 - x = -x 0 - 3 = -3
Multiplication x × 0 = 0 3 × 0 = 0
Division 0 ÷ x = 0, when x ≠ 0 0 ÷ 3 = 0
x ÷ 0  is undefined 3 ÷ 0 is undefined
Exponentiation 0 x = 0, when x ≠ 0 03 = 0
x 0 = 1, when x ≠ 0 30 = 1
Root √0 = 0  
Logarithm logb(0) is undefined  
Factorial 0! = 1  
Sine sin 0º = 0  
Cosine cos 0º = 1  
Tangent tan 0º = 0  
Derivative 0' = 0  
Integral ∫ 0 dx = 0 + C  

History of zero

The Bakhshali manuscript, discovered in 1881 near Peshawar has been identified as the earliest known text featuring the zero symbol (0), dating back to the 3rd or 4th century CE.[4] The ancient Greeks did not use zero as a number, because they thought numbers represented shapes:

To the [ancient] Greeks, who looked upon mathematics from a geometric perspective, zero seemed absurd or unnecessary. When numbers or unknowns represented lengths, and squares represented areas, zero had no place. Why solve a problem that did not exist? If a length is zero, there is no line; if an area is zero, there is no object.[5]

The idea of zero was first thought about in Babylon, Indian subcontinent and in Central America at different times. Some places and countries did not know about zero, which may have made it harder for those people to do mathematics. For example, the year after 1 BC is AD 1 (there is no year zero). In India, zero was theorized in the seventh century by the Mathematician Aryabhata.

Over hundreds of years, the idea of zero was passed from country to country Greece, Persia and the Arab world. The Europeans learned about zero from the Arabs, and stopped using Roman math. This is why numbers are called "Arabic numerals".

The place of zero as a number

Zero is almost never used as a place number (ordinal number). This means that it is not used like 1, 2, or 3 to indicate the order, or place, of something, like 1st, 2nd, or 3rd. An exception to this is seen in many programming languages.

Some other things about zero:[6]

Any number divided by itself equals one, except if that number is zero. In symbols:

0 ÷ 0 = "not a number."

In time, zero means "now". For example, when a person is counting down the time to the start of something, such as a foot race or when a rocket takes off, the count is: "three, two, one, zero (or go)". Zero is the exact time of the start of the race or when the rocket takes off into the sky.

0 as a number

Definition

0 is the integer that precedes the positive 1, and follows −1. In most (if not all) numerical systems, 0 was identified before the idea of 'negative integers' was accepted. It means "courageous one" in hieroglyphics.

Zero is a number which means an amount of null size; that is, if the number of brothers is zero, that means the same thing as having no brothers, and if something has a weight of zero, it has no weight. If the difference between the numbers of pieces in two piles is zero, it means the two piles have an equal number of pieces. Before counting starts, the result can be assumed to be zero; that is the number of items counted before one counts the first item, and counting the first item brings the result to one. And if there are no items to be counted, zero remains the final result.

Debates

Is zero a number ?

While mathematicians all accept zero as a number, some non-mathematicians would say that zero is not a number, arguing that one cannot have zero of something. Others say that if one has a bank balance of zero, one has a specific quantity of money in that account, namely none. It is that latter view which is accepted by mathematicians and most others.

Is zero a natural number ?

A debate asking if 0 is or not a natural number has been discussed over time.[7][8]

Encyclopædia Britannica says 0 is a natural number.[9] Wolfram MathWorld´says it isn't.[10] The On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences says it isn't.[11] The Princeton Companion to Mathematics says 0 is a natural number.[12]

Although the International Baccalaureate thinks 0 to be a natural number.[13] Oxford Dictionary says "a positive whole number such as 1, 2, or 3, and sometimes also zero".[14]

As year

There was no year zero between 1 BC and 1 AD. More specifically, almost all historians leave out the year zero from the proleptic Gregorian and Julian calendars (that is, from the normal calendar used in English-speaking countries), but astronomers include it in these same calendars. However, the phrase Year Zero may be used to describe any event considered so important, that someone might want to start counting years all over again from zero.

0 as a numeral

 

The modern numeral 0 is normally written as a circle or (rounded) rectangle. In old-style fonts with text figures, 0 is usually the same height as a lowercase x.

 
 

On the seven-segment displays of calculators, watches, etc., 0 is usually written with six line segments, though on some historical calculator models, it was written with four line segments. The four-segment 0 is not common.

The number zero (as in the "zero brothers" example above) is not the same as the numeral or digit zero, used in numeral systems using positional notation. Successive positions of digits have higher values, so the digit zero is used to skip a position and give appropriate value to the preceding and following digits. A zero digit is not always necessary in a different positional number system. Something called bijective numeration is a possible example of a system without zeroes.

The numerical digit zero

0 is also used as a numerical digit used to represent that number in numerals. It is used to hold the place of that digit, because correct placing of digits affects a numeral's value.

Examples:

  • In the numeral 10, which stands for one times ten and zero units (or ones).
  • In the numeral 100, which stands for one times a hundred plus zero tens plus zero units.

Telling zero and the letter O apart

 

The number 0 and the letter O are both round, though of different widths. The difference is important on a computer. For one thing, a computer will not do arithmetic with the letter O, because it does not know that it should have been a zero.

The oval-shaped zero and circular letter O came into use together on modern character displays. The zero with a dot in the centre seems to have begun as a choice on IBM 3270 controllers (this has the problem that it looks like the Greek letter theta). The slashed zero, looking like the letter O with a diagonal line drawn inside it, is used in old-style ASCII graphic sets that came from the default typewheel on the well-known ASR-33 Teletype. This format causes problems because it looks like the symbol [math]\displaystyle{ \emptyset }[/math], representing the empty set,[15] as well as for certain Scandinavian languages which use Ø as a letter.

The rule which has the letter O with a slash and the zero without was used at IBM and a few other early mainframe makers; this is even more of a problem for Scandinavians, because it looks like two of their letters at the same time. Some Burroughs/Unisys computers display a zero with a backwards slash. And yet another convention common on early line printers left zero without any extra dots or slashes but added a tail or hook to the letter O so that it resembled an inverted Q or cursive capital letter O.

 
A German licence plate showing zeroes

The letters used on some European number plates for cars make the two symbols look different. This is done by making the zero rather egg-shaped and the O more circular, but most of all by cutting open the zero on the upper right side, so the circle is not closed any more (as in German plates). The style of letters chosen is called fälschungserschwerende Schrift (abbr.: FE Schrift), meaning "script which is harder to falsify". But those used in the United Kingdom do not make the letter o and the number 0 look different from each other, because there can never be any mistake if the letters are correctly spaced.

In paper writing you do not have to make the 0 (zero) and O (letter O) look different at all. Or you may add a slash across the zero in order to show the difference.

Zeroes of a function

Functions are explained in the Function (mathematics) article. If the function f(x) = 0, then x is called a zero (or root) of the function f.[16] For example, if the function f(x) is x2 − 1, then the zeroes of the function are +1 and −1, because f(+1) = (+1)2 − 1 = 0, and f(−1) = (−1)2 − 1 = 0.

Zeroes of a function are used because they are another way to talk about solving an equation, which is a main goal in algebra. If we want to solve an equation like x2 = 1, then we can subtract the right-hand side of the equation from both sides, in this case 1. Whatever we get on the left-hand side, in this case x2 − 1, can be called a function f(x). The right-hand side has to be zero, because we subtracted it from itself. So f(x) = 0. Finding the zeroes of this function is the same as solving this equation. In the paragraph before, the zeroes of this function are +1 and −1, so they are the solutions of this equation. We got this equation by subtracting the same thing from both sides, so we also have solutions to the equation we started with, in this case x2 = 1. More generally, if we could find zeroes of functions, we could solve any equation.

0 Media

  • Mayan zero

  • Example of the early Greek symbol for zero (lower right corner) from a 2nd-century papyrus

  • This is a depiction of zero expressed in Chinese counting rods, based on the example provided by A History of Mathematics. An empty space is used to represent zero.

  • Bakhshali manuscript, with the numeral "zero" represented by a black dot; its date is uncertain.

  • Oslo airport train station, Platform 0

  • A number line from −3 to 3, with 0 in the middle

  • The empty set has zero elements

Related pages

References

Citations

  1. ↑ Russell, Bertrand (1942). Principles of mathematics (2 ed.). Forgotten Books. p. 125. ISBN 1-4400-5416-9., Chapter 14, page 125
  2. ↑ "Compendium of Mathematical Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-03-01. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  3. ↑ "Zero". www.mathsisfun.com. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  4. ↑ Agencies (2017-09-16). "1,800-year-old dot is first 'zero', say researchers". DAWN.COM. Retrieved 2024-07-22.
  5. ↑ Willers, Michael (2021). Mathematics: From Algebra to Algorithms, Adventures in Numbers. London, UK: New Burlington Books. p. 104. ISBN 978-1-80242-020-3.
  6. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Zero". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  7. ↑ Harremoës, Peter (2011-02-02). "Is Zero a Natural Number?". arXiv:1102.0418. {{cite journal}}: Cite journal requires |journal= (help)
  8. ↑ Fitch, Frederic B. (1949). "On Natural Numbers, Integers, and Rationals". The Journal of Symbolic Logic. 14 (2): 81–84. doi:10.2307/2266507. ISSN 0022-4812. JSTOR 2266507. S2CID 27232089.
  9. ↑ "natural number | mathematics | Britannica". www.britannica.com. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  10. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Natural Number". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  11. ↑ "A000027 - OEIS". oeis.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  12. ↑ Gowers, Timothy; Barrow-Green, June; Leader, Imre (2010-07-18). The Princeton Companion to Mathematics. Princeton University Press. ISBN 978-1-4008-3039-8.
  13. ↑ "IB Maths Studies/Number and Algebra - Wikibooks, open books for an open world". en.wikibooks.org. Retrieved 2022-10-14.
  14. ↑ "Natural NUmber". Oxford Learner's Dictionary.
  15. ↑ "Comprehensive List of Set Theory Symbols". Math Vault. 2020-04-11. Retrieved 2020-09-22.
  16. ↑ Weisstein, Eric W. "Root". mathworld.wolfram.com. Retrieved 2020-09-22.

Sources

  • Barrow, John D. (2001) The Book of Nothing, Vintage. ISBN 0-09-928845-1.
  • Diehl, Richard A. (2004) The Olmecs: America's First Civilization, Thames & Hudson, London.
  • Ifrah, Georges (2000) The Universal History of Numbers: From Prehistory to the Invention of the Computer, Wiley. ISBN 0-471-39340-1.
  • Kaplan, Robert (2000) The Nothing That Is: A Natural History of Zero, Oxford: Oxford University Press.
  • Seife, Charles (2000) Zero: The Biography of a Dangerous Idea, Penguin USA (Paper). ISBN 0-14-029647-6.
  • Tapan Kumar Das Gupta: "Der Ursprung des neuzeitlichen Zahlensystems - Entstehung und Verbreitung." Norderstedt 2013. ISBN 978-3-7322-4809-4.

Other websites

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