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Migraine

A migraine is a medical condition which usually causes a pounding, throbbing headache on one side of the head. The pain may be very bad and hurt so much that a person may have a hard time doing anything. While most people who have migraines get a headache, not everyone does. There are different kinds of migraines, and some do not cause a headache but do have other symptoms.

Migraine
Classification and external resources
The pain of a migraine headache can make people very sick.
ICD-10G43.
ICD-9346
OMIM157300
DiseasesDB8207
MedlinePlus000709
eMedicineneuro/218 neuro/517 emerg/230 neuro/529
MeSHD008881

Most migraines cause a headache and nausea and might make the person dizzy or very sensitive to bright lights or loud noises. Some people have "auras" before a migraine starts, which means their ability to see becomes different. They may see funny patterns, have blurry vision, or may not be able to see at all. Other senses can change before or during a migraine, and the person may sense funny smells or tastes. Migraines can last a long time. Migraines usually last between four and 72 hours.

Migraines have been classified, based on how often they happen in a month: If a person has a headache for less than fifteen days, the migraine is called episodic migraine (EM). If it happens more than fifteen days, it is called chronic migraine (CM). Chronic means it happens over a long amount of time. Some people who start off getting episodic migraines may start to get chronic migraines later. Chronic migraine then may revert or go back to episodic migraine.

Scientists have discovered that something called CGRP is the cause of migraines. CGRP stands for "calcitonin gene-related peptide". CGRP is a protein that causes migraines when it is released around the brain. What CGRP does, is that it causes a lot of inflammation in the meninges, a covering above the brain.

There are different risk factors which make a person more likely to have migraines. Being a female is a risk factor, and so is having family members who had migraines. For a person who has migraines, there are different trigger factors which may set off a migraine attack. In a large group of females who have migraines, one of the main trigger factors is when the amount of the hormone estrogen in their body either drops too low or fluctuates (goes up and down).

The World Health Organization says that migraine headache is the most costly brain problem for treatment and disability in the European Union and the United States.[1]

Types

 
This is what a normal human brain looks like if a you were looking down at the top of a persons head. (Superior view) There are two sides called hemispheres. In most migraine headaches the pain is unilateral, which means it is in one hemisphere. In this case, the left hemisphere.

Migraine with aura

  • Acephalgic migraine, also called a silent migraine, is a kind of migraine with aura but without the head pain. This type of migraine usually starts sometime during middle-age, which is after a person is 40 years old, and becomes more common as a person gets older. Unlike other migraines, males have acephalgic migraines more often then females do.
  • Basilar-type migraine is a type of migraine with aura that causes headache usually in the occipital region of the brain with neurological symptoms that is believed to come from the brainstem, occipital cortex, and cerebellum and/or affects both hemispheres of the brain at the same time. Most people who have basilar-type migraine also experience migraines with aura without the basilar symptoms. This type of migraine usually more common in people under age 20 and young females.[2]
  • Familial hemiplegic migraine (FHM) is a type of migraine with aura that also may cause paralysis on one side of the body. When the migraine stops, the person can move normally again.
  • Retinal migraine has repeated times of vision loss in one eye, that may happen before or during a headache. People who have retinal migraines usually have a history of having one of the other more common types of migraine.[3]

Migraine without aura

  • Menstrual migraine or catamenial migraine is a type of migraine that happens perimenstrually, which means around the time of menstruation during a woman's monthly menstrual cycle. Menstrual migraine is usually a migraine without aura, but sometimes a menstrual migraine with aura happens. About 7%-14% of women have migraines exclusively at the time of menstruation. These are considered true menstrual migraines. Most female migraneurs experience migraine attacks at all times during the menstrual cycle, with an increased number perimenstrually. These are referred to as menstrually related or menstrually triggered migraine. Both true menstrual migraines and menstrually related migraines are categorized under menstrual migraine.[4]
    • The role of estrogen
Estrogen is a hormone that is mostly made in a woman's ovaries. There are three types of estrogen: estrone, estradiol and estriol.[5] In women who have migraines it is usually connected with their menstruation cycle. About 60% of women have these menstrual or menstrually-related migraines and the main trigger is believed to be reduced circulating estrogen levels, i.e. the amount of estrogen in the body, specifically estradiol. In some cases, fluctuation (going up and down) in the amount of circulating estrogen levels may trigger a migraine, i.e. not only too little but sometimes too much estrogen may trigger a migraine.[6]

Childhood periodic syndromes

 
Abdominal migraine causes severe pain in the abdomen,.

Childhood periodic syndromes are a group of migraine syndromes that children may have. When a child has one of these child periodic syndromes there is a greater chance that they will get one of the other, more common types of migraines when they become adults.

Abdominal migraine is a kind of migraine which causes a very bad pain in the area of the abdomen, usually around the 'belly-button' which is called the periumbilical area. Abdominal migraine usually affects children starting at about age 7, but it may affect younger children and older children,[7] and it may also sometimes affect adults.[8]

Benign paroxysmal vertigo of childhood (BPVC for short): (this means harmless dizziness, that happens again and again and happens suddenly) is a medical condition which occurs in children usually starting between two and five years of age; it often disappears by the age of eight. BPVC causes vertigo.

Cyclic vomiting syndrome or cyclical vomiting syndrome (CVS), is a medical condition whose main symptoms are nausea and repeated vomiting. CVS happens more often in children, but it can occur at any age.

Chronic vs. episodic migraine

 

Episodic migraine (EM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 14 days or less in one month, while chronic migraine (CM) is when a person has migraine symptoms for 15 or more days in one month. When compared to persons with episodic migraine, those with CM where less likely to have full-time jobs and had a larger risk of headache-related disability.[9] Persons with CM are almost twice as likely to have anxiety, chronic pain, and/or depression; they also have a 40% greater chance of having heart disease and angina and are 70% more likely to have a history of stroke.

About 7.68% of total migraine cases are chronic migraines and about 1% of people in the United States have CM, with a higher rate among females, middle-aged people, and in those households that had the lowest annual income. (The American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention Study)

Aura

 
Fortification
scotoma

An expanding fortification scotoma. It starts off as a small spot, as seen in upper left, and then gets bigger.
 
Vertigo


Vertigo is when a person feels that they, or the world around them is spinning and they have a loss of balance.

Aura (from the Greek word for breeze) is the word used to describe a series of neurological symptoms that may begin before an epileptic seizure or a migraine headache. About 15% of people who have a migraine will have the kind with an aura. The symptoms may include visual problems such as scotomas (losing vision for a short time, seeing zig-zag lines or floating spots etc.), vertigo, a ringing noise in the ears (tinnitus) and problems speaking.[10]

 
Negative scotoma
blank spot
 
Positive scotoma
dark spot

Scotoma (came from the Greek word for darkness: skotos): a blind spot or area of reduced vision surrounded by a normal visual field. i.e.: A person can see normally except where the scotoma is.[11] Scotomas may affect one or both eyes and be either and be either absolute where nothing can be seen within the scotoma or, relative with some ability to see within the area of the scotoma.

Scotomas may also have different patterns and shapes like the fortification scotoma; it is called fortification because it looks like the outline of an old fort. Scotomas can start of small and then get bigger, move around to different parts of a person's visual field, and they can also look like flickering lights.[12]

Risk factors and triggers

 
Risk factor

Being a young female is a risk factor for migraines.[13]
 
Trigger factor

Anger can be a trigger factor for migraines.[14][15][16]

In medicine a factor is a substance, a condition or an activity, or a lack thereof that increases the chance of a certain outcome or condition happening. If it increases the chance of something unhealthy it is a risk factor. A trigger factor or 'trigger' for short is a factor that may cause an activity or the signs and/or symptoms of a medical condition to begin.[17]

Risk factors
  • Gender: Women are three times more likely to have migraine headaches than men.
  • Family history: A person has more of a chance of getting migraines if one of their parents has had them. The International Headache Consortium are doctors from a lot of different countries who study headaches and what causes them. They have found four genetic variations - these are differences in a persons genes - that are risk factors for migraine without aura in people who have these differences. Two of these genetic variations had already been shown to play a role in migraine with aura.[18]
  • Hormonal changes
  • Obesity: has shown to be a risk factor for chronic migraine not episodic migraine.
Triggers
  • Dietary habits: fasting, dehydration, or skipping meals.
  • Diet: Eating certain foods such as those that contain tyramine which is found in certain foods and is the end result of the natural breakdown of the amino acid tyrosine. Various food contain tyramine such as aged cheeses, smoked fish, some kinds of beer. Tyramine as a trigger for migraine is thought to effect less than 10% of people with migraines.[19]

Diagnosis

 
Headache Diary
Example of a headache diary. Headache diaries can be useful in the diagnosis and management of various headache types such as migraine.[20]
 
Migraine diagnosis
Flowchart showing an example of a simplified migraine diagnosis
 
A Simple English version of the Migraine disability assessment questionnaire

There are no specific tests to diagnose migraine but a doctor may use different tests to rule out other causes for a person's symptoms. The diagnosis of migraine is a clinical diagnosis which means it is based upon a person's medical history that a person reports to the doctor.[21] The medical history for a possible migraine diagnosis which can be called the headache history includes information such as:

  • Does anyone else in the person's family have medical problems. If so what kind?
  • What are all the symptoms you have?
  • At what age did the symptoms first start?
  • How often do the headaches and/or other symptoms occur?
  • How long do the symptoms last?
  • Where is the pain? Unilateral: either left or right side of the head - bilateral: both left and right sides

Differential diagnoses

Differential diagnoses are different medical disorders which may cause the same symptoms. Before a doctor makes a final diagnosis, which means they are sure of what medical disorder is causing the problem, they think of what other medical conditions have the same or almost the same symptoms, and make sure it's not one of them.[22]

  • Brain tumor
  • Cluster headache
  • Sinusitis
  • Stroke
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage
  • Tension headache
  • Vascular pathologies: medical conditions that effect the vascular system such as arteriovenous malformation

Disorders that often occur with migraine

 
A person who has migraines has a greater risk of having one or more other medical and/or psychiatric disorders; these other disorders are comorbid to migraine. The diagram shows some of the main comorbidities.

Often, having one medical condition makes it more likely a person will also have one or more other medical or psychiatric disorders. These other disorders are the "comorbid disorders" or "comorbidities".[23] There are various comorbid medical and psychiatric conditions associated with migraines. The treatment and prognosis (if a disease gets better, worse or stays the same over time)[24] of migraine is affected by the comorbid disorders which may be present and/or the chance of getting comorbid disorders.[25]

Asthma
 
Raynaud’s disease: is a circulatory disorder in which the smaller arteries that supply blood to the extremities - most often the hands, but it may also affect the, toes, the tip of the nose and the ears - become narrower reducing blood flow. This causes the extremities to become numb and to be cooler than the core body temperature. It can be triggered by exposure to stress and cold.[26][27]
Epilepsy
Fibromyalgia

Comorbid psychiatric conditions

Major depressive disorder
Anxiety
Bipolar disorder

Complications of migraine

In medicine, a complication is a problem that happens because of, a procedure (like surgery), treatment (like medication), or illness (like migraines).[28]

  • Chronic migraine
  • Status migrainosus is the term used to describe a severe migraine attack which lasts more than 72 hours straight.
  • Persistent aura without stroke
  • Migraine stroke
  • Migraine-triggered seizures

Epidemiology

 
Bar graph showing how often headache and migraine happen in men and women over 18-years-old in the United States. (CDC,2004)

In medicine epidemiology is the study of what causes diseases and medical conditions, how often they happen, where they happen and who they happen to.[29]

Migraine is more common among boys than girls until the beginning of puberty when girls start getting migraines more often than boys. By the later part of the teenage years girls get migraines almost twice as much as boys do. The number of people who get migraines is highest between the ages of 25 to 55 years in both men and women, after which, the risk of getting migraines get lower as a person gets older.

Between 65-75% of adult migraine sufferers are women and of these women, about two-thirds have menstrual migraines. Migraines are more common in people who make less money, there may be different reasons why such as stress.

About two-thirds of migraines are migraines without aura and the remaining one-third of cases are migraine with aura.

History

Symptoms that mimic those of migraines have been recorded in various cultures throughout written history. The first known mention was found on cuneiform tablets from Babylonia dating to 2000-1880 B.C.E.[30] A treatment for migraine can be found in the Ebers Papyrus, an Ancient Egyptian medical text named after George Ebers, the German Eygptologist who discovered them. In the ancient text dated to 1552 B.C.E. migraine is refereed to as "suffering in half the head".[31]

 
Another remedy for suffering in half the head. The skull of a catfish fried in oil. Anoint the head herewith.-Ebers Papyrus,1552 B.C.E.

The Ancient Greek physician Aretaeus of Cappadocia's description of a type of headache he dubbed heterocrania is considered a description of migraine.[32]

References

  1. ↑ World Health Organisation Factsheet No 277. Headache disorders. Published March 2004. Accessed December 19, 2012.
  2. ↑ Brodsky, Michael C. (2010). Pediatric Neuro-Ophthalmology. Springer. p. 218. ISBN 978-0-387-69066-7.
  3. ↑ Loder, Elizabeth; Marcus, Dawn A. (2004). Migraine in Women. PMPH-USA. p. 22. ISBN 978-1-55009-180-9.
  4. ↑ Robert A. Davidoff. Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management: Manifestations. p.122 (Oxford University Press, USA; 2nd edition, 2002): ISBN 978-0-19-513705-7
  5. ↑ Berek, Jonathan S. (2007). Berek & Novak's Gynecology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 417. ISBN 978-0-7817-6805-4.
  6. ↑ Linda C. Giudice, MD; Johannes L. H. Evers, MD and David L. Healy, MD (2012). Endometriosis: Science and Practice. John Wiley & Sons. p. 234. ISBN 1-4443-3213-9.{{cite book}}: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  7. ↑ Schwartz, M. William (2012). The 5 Minute Pediatric Consult. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. ISBN 1-4511-1656-X.
  8. ↑ Howard, Fred M. (2000). Pelvic Pain: Diagnosis and Management. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. p. 42. ISBN 0-7817-1724-8.
  9. ↑ Munakata J, Hazard E, Serrano D, et. al. "Economic burden of transformed migraine: results from the American Migraine Prevalence and Prevention (AMPP) Study". Headache. 2009 Apr; 49(4): 498-508. doi: 10.1111/j.1526-4610.2009.01369.x. Epub 2009 Feb 25. PMID 19245386.
  10. ↑ Robert A. Davidoff: Migraine: Manifestations, Pathogenesis, and Management:(Contemporary Neurology Series) Second Edition pp. 49-51 (Oxford University Press, 2002) ISBN 978-0-19-513705-7
  11. ↑ "scotoma". Oxford Dictionaries. Retrieved 2012-12-18.
  12. ↑ Anthoney, Terence R. (1993). Neuroanatomy and the Neurologic Exam: A Thesaurus of Synonyms, Similar-Sounding Non-Synonyms, and Terms of Variable Meaning. CRC Press. pp. 483–484. ISBN 978-0-8493-8631-2.
  13. ↑ Diseases and Disorders. Marshall Cavendish. 2007. p. 575. ISBN 978-0-7614-7772-3.
  14. ↑ Potegal, Michael; Stemmler, Gerhard; Spielberger, Charles (2010). International Handbook of Anger: Constituent and Concomitant Biological, Psychological, and Social Processes. Springer. p. 460. ISBN 978-0-387-89675-5.
  15. ↑ >Perozzo, P; Salvi L; Castelli L; Valfre W; et al. (2005 Jul). "Anger and emotional distress in patients with migraine and tension–type headache". Headache Pain. 6 (5): 392–399. doi:10.1007/s10194-005-0240-8. {{cite journal}}: Check date values in: |date= (help); Unknown parameter |pmcid= ignored (|pmc= suggested) (help)
  16. ↑ Boyle SW, Church II WT, Byrnes E: Migraine Headaches and Anger
  17. ↑ factor:Segen JC. The Dictionary of Modern Medicine. McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc retrieved December 19, 2012
  18. ↑ Freilinger T, Anttila V, de Vries B, Malik R, et. al. and International Headache Genetics Consortium. Genome-wide association analysis identifies susceptibility loci for migraine without aura. Nature genetics 2012;44;7;777-82 PMID 22683712
  19. ↑ Fernandez-de-las-Penas, Cesar; Chaitow, Leon; Schoenen, Jean (2012). Multidisciplinary Management of Migraine. Jones & Bartlett Publishers. p. 414. ISBN 1-4496-0050-6.
  20. ↑ Martelletti, Paolo; Steiner, Timothy J. (2011). Handbook of Headache: Practical Management. Springer Science & Business Media. p. 208. ISBN 88-470-1699-1.
  21. ↑ Loder, Elizabeth; Marcus, Dawn A. (2004). Migraine in Women. PMPH-USA. p. 36. ISBN 978-1-55009-180-9.
  22. ↑ "Differential diagnosis". Free Merriam-Webster Dictionary. 2012. Retrieved December 19, 2012.
  23. ↑ Comorbid | Definition of Comorbid by Merriam-Webster: Free Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2012. Retreived Decenber 23, 2012
  24. ↑ [1]: Free Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2012. Retrieved December 23, 2012
  25. ↑ Schoenen, Jean; Dodick, David W.; Sandor, Peter (2011). Comorbidity in Migraine. Wiley-Blackwell. ISBN 978-1-4051-8555-4.
  26. ↑ Professional Guide to Diseases. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins. 2012. p. 93. ISBN 1-4511-4460-1.
  27. ↑ Borkum, Jonathan M. (2007). Chronic Headaches: Biology, Psychology, and Behavioral Treatment. Psychology Press. p. 110. ISBN 978-0-8058-6199-0.
  28. ↑ complication: Free Merriam Webster Dictionary, 2012. Retrieved December 20, 2012
  29. ↑ epidemiology: Free Merriam Webster Dictionary 2013, retrieved January 11, 2013
  30. ↑ Grossinger, Richard (2006). Migraine Auras: When the Visual World Fails. North Atlantic Books. p. 43. ISBN 1-55643-619-X.
  31. ↑ Nunn, John F. (2002). Ancient Egyptian Medicine. University of Oklahoma Press. p. 93. ISBN 978-0-8061-3504-5.
  32. ↑ Koehler PJ, van de Wiel TW. Aretaeus on migraine and headache. J Hist Neurosci. 2001 Dec;10(3):253-61. PMID 11770192
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