Morphine

For the alternative rock band, see Morphine (band).

Morphine molecule

Morphine (INN) (IPA: [ˈmɔ(ɹ)fin]) is a strong opiate pain killer drug. It is the principal active agent in opium and the prototypical opiate. Like other opioids, e.g. diacetylmorphine (heroin), morphine acts directly on the central nervous system (CNS) to relieve pain, and at synapses of the nucleus accumbens in particular. Morphine is highly addictive when compared to other substances, and tolerance and physical and mental dependences develop very rapidly.

Patients on morphine sometimes say they have insomnia, visual hallucinations and nightmares; if these occur then reduction in dosage or switch to an alternative opioid analgesic should be considered.

The word "morphine" is derived from Morpheus, the god of dreams in Greek mythology. He is the son of Hypnos, god of sleep.

Medical uses

Morphine is used legally:

• As a pain killer in hospital settings for
  • treating pain after surgery
  • relieving pain associated with trauma
• In the relief of severe chronic pain, e.g.
  • Cancer pain
  • Pain from kidney stones
  • Back pain
• As an adjunct to general pain killers
• In epidural anesthesia or intrathecal analgesia
• For palliative care (i.e. to lessen pain without curing the underlying reason for it. This is often done for patients with incurable diseases)
• As a medication for severe cough
• In nebulised form, for treatment of dyspnoea. The evidence for efficacy is slim[1] Archived 2007-10-24 at the Wayback Machine. Evidence is better for other routes [2].
• As an antidiarrheal in chronic conditions (e.g., for diarrhea associated with AIDS), although loperamide (a non-absorbed opioid acting only on the gut) is the most commonly used opioid for diarrhea.
• Morphine was first isolated in 1804 by Friedrich Sertürner, which is generally believed to be the first ever isolation of a natural plant alkaloid in history. Sertürner began distributing it in 1817, and Merck began marketing it commercially in 1827. At the time, Merck was a single small chemists' shop. Morphine was more widely used after the invention of the hypodermic syringe in 1857. Sertürner originally named the substance morphium after the Greek god of dreams, Morpheus (Greek: Μορφεύς), for its tendency to cause sleep.^[2] It is on the WHO Model List of Essential Medicines, a list of the most important medications needed in a basic health system.^[3]

Morphine Media

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  A localized reaction to intravenous morphine caused by histamine release in the veins

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  Before the Morphine by Santiago Rusiñol

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  Morphine hydrochloride ampoule for veterinary use

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  Latex bleeding from a freshly-scored seed pod

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  Morphine biosynthesis in the opium poppy

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  Chemical structure of morphine. The benzylisoquinoline backbone is shown in green.

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  Morphine structure showing its standard ring lettering and carbon numbering system.

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  Same structure, but in a three-dimensional perspective.

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  First generation production of alkaloids from licit latex-derived opium

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  Lithography of the German pharmacist Friedrich Wilhelm Adam Sertürner. He discovered morphine in 1804.