Oncogene
An oncogene is a gene that has the potential to cause cancer.[1] Or, equally good, an oncogene is a gene which brings about uncontrolled cell division.[2]
Oncogenes in tumor cells are often mutated or expressed at high levels.[3]
Most normal cells undergo a programmed form of death (apoptosis). Activated oncogenes can cause those cells designated for apoptosis to survive and proliferate instead.[4] Most oncogenes require an additional step, such as mutations in another gene, or environmental factors, such as viral infection, to cause cancer. Since the 1970s, dozens of oncogenes have been identified in human cancer. Many cancer drugs target the proteins coded by oncogenes.[3][5][6][7]
In 1976 J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus of the University of California, San Francisco showed that oncogenes were activated proto-oncogenes, found in many organisms including humans. For this discovery Bishop and Varmus were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine in 1989.[8]
The history of a mistake
The work of Bishop and Varmus corrected a long-standing error. The Nobel citation includes this explanation:
- "The term oncogene was introduced in the middle of the 1960s to denote special parts of the genetic material of certain viruses. It was believed that this part of the genetic material could direct the transformation of a normal cell into a tumor cell... The favourite theory of the time was that virus-mediated cell-to-cell transmittance of oncogenes was the origin of all forms of cancer. This view was later proven to be incorrect".[9]
In fact, the reverse transcription of the virus RNA into DNA had the effect that the oncogenes become integrated into the chromosomal DNA in the cells. It was then found that oncogene-like material could be detected in different species throughout the animal kingdom, in fact even in simple organisms with only a few cells. Furthermore, it was shown that the gene had a fixed position in the chromosomes of a certain species, and that the gene, when it constituted part of the cellular genetic material, was divided into fragments.[9]
Proto-oncogene
A proto-oncogene is a normal gene that can become an oncogene due to mutations or increased expression. The resultant protein can be called an oncoprotein.[10] Proto-oncogenes code for proteins that help to regulate cell growth and differentiation. Proto-oncogenes are often involved in signal transduction and execution of mitogenic signals, usually through their protein products. Upon activation, a proto-oncogene (or its product) becomes a tumor-inducing agent, an oncogene.[11]
Examples
The MYC gene is implicated in Burkitt's Lymphoma. This starts when a chromosomal translocation moves an enhancer sequence close to the MYC gene. The MYC gene codes for widely used transcription factors. When the enhancer sequence is wrongly placed, these transcription factors are produced at much higher rates. Another example of an oncogene is the Bcr-Abl gene found on the 'Philadelphia Chromosome'. This is a piece of genetic material seen in Chronic Myelogenous Leukemia, caused by the translocation of pieces from chromosomes 9 and 22. Bcr-Abl codes for a receptor tyrosine kinase, which is active, causing uncontrolled cell proliferation.
OncogeneProto-oncogene Media
From proto-oncogene to oncogene
References
- ↑ Wilbur, Beth (ed) 2009. The world of the cell. 7th ed, San Francisco.
- ↑ King R.C. Stansfield W.D. & Mulligan P.K. 2006. A dictionary of genetics. 7th ed, Oxford University Press, p309. ISBN 0-19-530761-5
- ↑ 3.0 3.1 Kimball's Biology Pages. Archived 2017-12-31 at the Wayback Machine "Oncogenes" Free full text
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 2002. Illustrated presentation.
- ↑ Croce C.M (2008). "Oncogenes and cancer". N Engl J Med. 358 (5): 502–11. doi:10.1056/NEJMra072367. PMID 18234754. Archived from the original on 2010-02-12. Retrieved 2014-02-12.
- ↑ Yokota J (2000). "Tumor progression and metastasis". Carcinogenesis. 21 (3): 497–503. doi:10.1093/carcin/21.3.497. PMID 10688870.
- ↑ The Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine 1989 to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of "the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes".
- ↑ Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine for 1989 jointly to J. Michael Bishop and Harold E. Varmus for their discovery of "the cellular origin of retroviral oncogenes". Press Release.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 1989 Nobel Prize citation
- ↑ Chapter 20 in: Mitchell, Richard Sheppard; et al. (2007). Robbins basic pathology. Philadelphia: Saunders. ISBN 978-1-4160-2973-1. 8th edition.
- ↑ Todd R. & Wong D.T. (1999). "Oncogenes". Anticancer Res. 19 (6A): 4729–46. PMID 10697588.