Optic tectum
The optic tectum is a major part of the midbrain of vertebrates. In vertebrates such as fish, reptiles and birds, it is the main visual processor of the brain.
| Brain: Superior colliculus | ||
|---|---|---|
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| Section through superior colliculus (unlabeled) showing path of oculomotor nerve | ||
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| Scheme showing central connections of the optic nerves and optic tracts. (Superior colliculus visible near center.) | ||
| Latin | Colliculus superior | |
| Part of | Tectum | |
In mammals, however, most of the work is done in the visual cortex. This is at the back of the cerebral cortex. The tectum does preliminary visual processing, and controls eye movement. When human anatomy textbooks use the term superior colliculus they are referring to the tectum. The diagram is based on human anatomy.
Mechanism
Each layer of the tectum contains a topographic map of the surrounding world. If neurons at a point in the map fire, it starts a response towards the corresponding point in space. In primates, the tectum ("superior colliculus") directs eye movements. Visual input from the retina, or "command" input from the cerebral cortex, create a "bump" of activity in the tectal map. If strong enough, this causes an eye movement.
In primates, the tectum is also involved in generating head turns, arm-reaching movements,[1] and shifts in attention which do not involve any movements.[2] In other species, the tectum is involved in a wide range of responses, including whole-body turns in walking rats, swimming fishes, or flying birds; tongue-strikes toward prey in frogs; fang-strikes in snakes, etc.
In some non-mammal species, including fish and birds, the tectum is one of the largest components of the brain. In mammals, and especially primates, the massive expansion of the cerebral cortex reduces the tectum ("superior colliculus") to a much smaller fraction of the whole brain. It still is the main integrating centre for eye movements.
Optic Tectum Media
Section of mid-brain at level of superior colliculi.
Hind- and mid-brains; postero-lateral view. Superior colliculus labeled in blue.
Schematic circuit diagram of topographic connections between the optic tectum and the two parts of nucleus isthmii.
H&E stain of chicken optic tectum at E7 (embryonic day 7) showing the generative zone (GZ), the migrating zone (MZ) and the first neuronal lamina (L1). Scale bar 200 μm. From Caltharp et al., 2007.
The brain of a cod, with the optic tectum highlighted
Drawing by Ramon y Cajal of several types of Golgi-stained neurons in the optic tectum of a sparrow.
Superior colliculus (coronal section)
Brainstem. Posterior view.
References
- ↑ Lunenburger L. et al 2001. (2001). "A possible role of the superior colliculus in eye–hand coordination". Prog Brain Res. 134: 109–25. doi:10.1016/S0079-6123(01)34009-8. PMID 11702538.
- ↑ Kustov A. & Robinson D. 1996. (1996). "Shared neural control of attentional shifts and eye movements". Nature. 384 (6604): 74–77. Bibcode:1996Natur.384...74K. doi:10.1038/384074a0. PMID 8900281. S2CID 68917.