Origin of water on Earth
The origin of water on Earth is only barely known. All life on Earth needs water, and most types of life started in the sea. Earth is the only planet known with liquid water on its surface.[1] The water on Earth may have come from the Solar System as it formed, or it may have formed on Earth. Both are possible.[2] We do know that hydrogen and oxygen, the elements that constitute water come from stars. Oxygen is created through fusion of helium and carbon atoms inside the core of red giants.
Earth is in the habitable zone, it is not so far from the Sun that all water freezes, and not so close to the Sun that all water evaporates. This is why liquid water, important for all life, still exists on the surface of Earth.
A long time ago, scientists thought that water on Earth did not come from the planet’s region of the protoplanetary disk. Instead, it was thought water must have been delivered to Earth from the outer Solar System later in its history. However, recent research suggests that hydrogen inside the Earth played a role in the formation of the ocean.[2] The two ideas are not mutually exclusive: there is evidence water was delivered to Earth by impacts from icy planetesimals similar in composition to asteroids in the outer edges of the asteroid belt.[3]
One problem that hasn't been solved is that the noble gas isotope ratios of Earth's atmosphere are different than those of its mantle. This might mean they were created from different sources.[4][5]
Origin Of Water On Earth Media
Water covers about 71% of Earth's surface
This pillow basalt on the seafloor near Hawaii was formed when magma extruded underwater. Other, much older pillow basalt formations provide evidence for large bodies of water long ago in Earth's history.
Carbonaceous chondrites such as the Allende Meteorite (above) likely delivered much of the Earth's water, as evidenced by their isotopic similarities to ocean water.
Comet Halley as imaged by the European Space Agency's Giotto probe in 1986. Giotto flew by Halley's Comet and analyzed the isotopic levels of ice sublimating from the comet's surface using a mass spectrometer.
_(4.560-4.568_Ga)_6_(16763228023).jpg)
References
- ↑ US Department of Commerce, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration. "Are there oceans on other planets?". oceanservice.noaa.gov. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
- ↑ 2.0 2.1 Monday, Nola Taylor Redd (2019). "Where did Earth's water come from". Astronomy.com. Retrieved 2020-07-16.
- ↑ Pepin, Robert O. 1991. On the origin and early evolution of terrestrial planet atmospheres and meteoritic volatiles. Icarus. 92 (1): 2–79. Bibcode:1991Icar...92....2P. doi:10.1016/0019-1035(91)90036-s. ISSN 0019-1035
- ↑ Dauphas, Nicolas (2003). "The dual origin of the terrestrial atmosphere". Icarus. 165 (2): 326–339. arXiv:astro-ph/0306605. Bibcode:2003Icar..165..326D. doi:10.1016/s0019-1035(03)00198-2. ISSN 0019-1035. S2CID 14982509.
- ↑ Owen, Tobias; Bar-Nun, Akiva; Kleinfeld, Idit 1992. Possible cometary origin of heavy noble gases in the atmospheres of Venus, Earth and Mars. Nature 358 (#6381): p43–46. [1]